UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
______________________________
FORM 10-K
______________________________

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended: December 31, 2013
Commission File Number 001-34506
______________________________
TWO HARBORS INVESTMENT CORP.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Maryland
 
27-0312904
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
590 Madison Avenue, 36th Floor
New York, New York
 
10022
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 
(Zip Code)
(612) 629-2500
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class:
 
Name of Exchange on Which Registered:
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
 
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer x
 
Accelerated filer o
 
Non-accelerated filer o
 
Smaller reporting company o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No x
As of June 30, 2013, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $3.7 billion based on the closing sale price as reported on the NYSE on that date.
As of February 27, 2014 there were 366,043,088 shares of outstanding common stock, par value $.01 per share, issued and outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Regulation 14A within 120 days after the end of registrant’s fiscal year covered by this Annual Report, are incorporated by reference into Part III.
 
 
 
 
 


Table of Contents



TWO HARBORS INVESTMENT CORP.
2013 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
 
Page
PART I
 
 
PART II
 
 
PART III
 
 
PART IV
 
 


i

Table of Contents



PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview
Our Company
Two Harbors Investment Corp. is a Maryland corporation focused on investing in, financing and managing residential mortgage-backed securities, or RMBS, residential mortgage loans, mortgage servicing rights, or MSR, and other financial assets, which we collectively refer to as our target assets. We operate as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, as defined under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. The terms “Two Harbors,” “we,” “our,” “us” and the “company” refer to Two Harbors Investment Corp. and its subsidiaries as a consolidated entity.
We were incorporated on May 21, 2009 and commenced operations as a publicly traded company on October 28, 2009, upon completion of a merger with Capitol Acquisition Corp., or Capitol, which became our wholly owned indirect subsidiary as a result of the merger. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol “TWO”.
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total return to our stockholders over the long term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We selectively acquire and manage an investment portfolio of our target assets, which is constructed to generate attractive returns through market cycles. We focus on asset selection and implement a relative value investment approach across various sectors within the residential mortgage market. Our target assets include the following:
Agency RMBS, meaning RMBS whose principal and interest payments are guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac);
Non-Agency RMBS, meaning RMBS that are not issued or guaranteed by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac;
MSR;
Prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans and credit sensitive residential mortgage loans, or CSL; and
Other financial assets comprising approximately 5% to 10% of the portfolio.
We seek to deploy moderate leverage as part of our investment strategy. We generally finance our RMBS and mortgage loan assets through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements.
We recognize that investing in our target assets is competitive and that we compete with other investment vehicles for attractive investment opportunities. We rely on our management team and Pine River Capital Management L.P., or Pine River (described below), who have developed strong relationships with a diverse group of financial intermediaries, to identify investment opportunities. In addition, we have benefited and expect to continue to benefit from Pine River’s analytical and portfolio management expertise and infrastructure. We believe that our diversified portfolio management across the mortgage-related investment market, the extensive mortgage market expertise of our investment team, our strong analytics and our disciplined relative value investment approach give us a competitive advantage over our peers.
We have elected to be treated as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To qualify as a REIT, we are required to meet certain investment and operating tests and annual distribution requirements. We generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders, do not participate in prohibited transactions and maintain our intended qualification as a REIT. However, certain activities that we may perform may cause us to earn income which will not be qualifying income for REIT purposes. We have designated certain of our subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs, as defined in the Code, to engage in such activities, and we may form additional TRSs in the future. We also intend to operate our business in a manner that will permit us to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, or the 1940 Act. While we do not currently originate or service loans, certain of our subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and approvals to purchase and sell mortgage loans and to hold and manage MSR.
Our Manager
We are externally managed and advised by PRCM Advisers LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Pine River, or PRCM Advisers. Founded in 2002, Pine River is a global multi-strategy asset management firm providing comprehensive portfolio management, transparency and liquidity to institutional and high net worth investors.
Pine River formed PRCM Advisers for the purpose of providing management services to us. PRCM Advisers is responsible for administering our business activities and day-to-day operations. Pursuant to the terms of the management agreement between us and PRCM Advisers, PRCM Advisers provides us with our management team, including our executive officers, along with appropriate support personnel. In addition, PRCM Advisers provides us with the expertise of a dedicated team of investment professionals, proprietary analytical tools and other infrastructure support. PRCM Advisers is at all times subject to

1

Table of Contents



the supervision and oversight of our board of directors. Each of our executive officers is an employee or partner of Pine River; we do not have any employees. We do not pay any of our executive officers cash compensation; rather, we pay PRCM Advisers a base management fee equal to 1.5% of our stockholders’ equity per annum pursuant to the terms of the management agreement. We also reimburse PRCM Advisers for the allocable share of the compensation paid by Pine River to its personnel serving as our principal financial officer and general counsel and other reimbursable costs under the management agreement and shared facilities and services agreement. We do not pay PRCM Advisers any incentive-based fees or other incentive-based compensation.
Through our relationship with PRCM Advisers, we benefit from Pine River’s disciplined and highly analytical investment approach, extensive long-term relationships in the financial community, and established infrastructure. Pine River’s disciplined investment approach utilizes a cross-product approach, conducting top-down market assessments with respect to various subsets of the RMBS and mortgage market in order to identify the most attractive segments and investment opportunities. Our security selection process leverages proprietary and third-party analytic tools to conduct a detailed analysis of factors that influence our target assets. We select our RMBS and other mortgage-related assets after extensive analysis of the underlying loans, including prepayment trends, average remaining life, amortization schedules, fixed versus floating interest rates, geographic concentration, property type, loan-to-value ratios and credit scores, among others.
The dedicated team of investment professionals provided to us by PRCM Advisers has broad experience in managing Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and other mortgage-related assets through a variety of credit and interest rate environments and has demonstrated the ability to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under different market conditions and cycles, on both a levered and unlevered basis. Pine River maintains extensive long-term relationships with financial intermediaries, including prime brokers, investment banks, broker-dealers and asset custodians. We believe these relationships enhance our ability to source, finance, protect and hedge our investments and, thus, enable us to succeed in various credit and interest rate environments. We also benefit from Pine River’s comprehensive finance, operational and administrative infrastructure, including its risk management and accounting operations, as well as its legal, compliance and software development teams. Through the use of existing resources within Pine River, the addition of new personnel having significant experience in managing our target assets, and the use of experienced outside advisors, we believe that we have sufficient experience to execute new business diversification initiatives.
As of December 31, 2013, Pine River had net assets under management, including Two Harbors stockholders’ equity, of approximately $13.9 billion, of which approximately $7.3 billion is dedicated to mortgage strategies. As of December 31, 2013, Pine River employed over 423 employees globally, including 142 investment professionals.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains, or incorporates by reference, not only historical information, but also forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, and that are subject to the safe harbors created by such sections. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ from our beliefs, expectations, estimates, and projections and, consequently, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements are not historical in nature and can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “target,” “believe,” “intend,” “seek,” “plan,” “goals,” “future,” “likely,” “may,” and similar expressions or their negative forms, or by references to strategy, plans, or intentions. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, those described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the caption “Risk Factors.” Other risks, uncertainties, and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected are described below and may be described from time to time in reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, including our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any such forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Important factors, among others, that may affect our actual results include:
changes in interest rates and the market value of our target assets;
changes in prepayment rates of mortgages underlying our target assets;
the timing of credit losses within our portfolio;
our exposure to adjustable-rate and negative amortization mortgage loans underlying our target assets;
the state of the credit markets and other general economic conditions, particularly as they affect the price of earning assets and the credit status of borrowers;
the concentration of the credit risks we are exposed to;
legislative and regulatory actions affecting the mortgage and derivative industries or our business;

2

Table of Contents



the availability of target assets for purchase at attractive prices;
the availability of financing for our target assets, including the availability of repurchase agreement financing, lines of credit and financing through the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines, or the FHLB;
declines in home prices;
increases in payment delinquencies and defaults on the mortgages comprising and underlying our target assets;
changes in liquidity in the market for real estate securities, the re-pricing of credit risk in the capital markets, inaccurate ratings of securities by rating agencies, rating agency downgrades of securities, and increases in the supply of real estate securities available-for-sale;
changes in the values of securities we own and the impact of adjustments reflecting those changes on our income statement and balance sheet, including our stockholders’ equity;
our ability to generate the amount of cash flow we expect from our target assets;
changes in our investment, financing, and hedging strategies and the new risks that those changes may expose us to;
changes in the competitive landscape within our industry, including changes that may affect our ability to attract and retain personnel;
our ability to build successful relationships with loan originators;
our ability to acquire mortgage loans in connection with our securitization plans;
our ability to securitize the mortgage loans that we acquire;
our exposure to claims and litigation, including litigation arising from our involvement in securitization transactions;
our ability to acquire MSR and successfully operate our seller-servicer subsidiary;
our ability to successfully diversify our business into new asset classes and manage the new risks they may expose us to;
our ability to manage various operational and regulatory risks associated with our business;
our ability to maintain appropriate internal controls over financial reporting;
our ability to establish, adjust and maintain appropriate hedges for the risks in our portfolio;
our ability to maintain our REIT qualification for U.S. federal income tax purposes; and
limitations imposed on our business due to our REIT status and our status as exempt from registration under the 1940 Act.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K may contain statistics and other data that in some cases have been obtained or compiled from information made available by mortgage loan servicers and other third-party service providers.

Our Business
Our Investment Strategy
Our investment objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total return to our stockholders over the long-term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We intend to achieve this objective by constructing a well-balanced portfolio consisting of RMBS and other mortgage-related assets, with a focus on managing various associated risks, including interest rate, prepayment, mortgage spread and financing risk. The preservation of book value is of paramount importance to our ability to generate total return on an ongoing basis. Consistent with the objective of achieving attractive risk-adjusted total return over various market cycles, we intend to maintain a balanced approach to these various risks.
We rely on PRCM Advisers’ expertise in identifying assets within our target asset classes. PRCM Advisers makes investment decisions based on a rigorous asset selection process that takes into consideration a variety of factors, including expected cash yield, risk-adjusted returns, current and projected credit fundamentals, current and projected macroeconomic considerations, current and projected supply and demand, credit and market risk concentration limits, liquidity, cost of financing and financing availability. It is our intention to select our assets in such a way as to maintain our REIT qualification and our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act.

3

Table of Contents



Our Target Assets
Our aggregate portfolio can be categorized into two strategies based on investment characteristics, and embodies our hybrid investment approach. The categories and their respective target asset classes are as follows:
Rates Strategy - Includes Agency RMBS, MSR and related hedging transactions. The performance of this strategy is most effected by changes in interest rates, prepayments and mortgage spreads. These assets have minimal exposure to the underlying credit of the investments.
Agency RMBS
Agency RMBS collateralized by fixed rate mortgage loans, adjustable rate mortgage loans or hybrid mortgage loans, or derivatives thereof, including:
 
Ÿ
mortgage pass-through certificates;
 
Ÿ
collateralized mortgage obligations;
 
Ÿ
Freddie Mac gold certificates;
 
Ÿ
Fannie Mae certificates;
 
Ÿ
Ginnie Mae certificates;
 
Ÿ
“to-be-announced” forward contracts, or TBAs, which are pools of mortgages with specific investment terms to be issued by government sponsored entities, or GSEs, at a future date; and
 
Ÿ
interest-only and inverse interest-only securities.
MSR
The right to control the servicing of mortgage loans and receive the servicing income therefrom; the actual servicing functions are outsourced to fully-licensed third-party subservicers.

Credit Strategy - Includes non-Agency RMBS, residential mortgage loans and related hedging transactions. The performance of this strategy is most effected by changes in credit performance of the underlying mortgage loan collateral. These assets have interest rate and mortgage spread exposure, but the exposure is not viewed to be the main driver of performance.
Non-Agency RMBS
Non-Agency RMBS collateralized by prime mortgage loans, Alt-A mortgage loans, pay-option ARM mortgage loans and subprime mortgage loans, which may have fixed rate, adjustable rate or hybrid rate terms.
 
Non-Agency RMBS includes both senior and mezzanine RMBS. Senior RMBS refers to non-Agency RMBS that represent the senior-most tranches — that is, the tranches which have the highest priority claim to cash flows from the related collateral pool, within the RMBS structure. Mezzanine RMBS refers to subordinated tranches within the collateral pool. The non-Agency RMBS we purchase may include investment-grade and non-investment grade classes, including non-rated securities.
 
Hybrid mortgage loans have terms with interest rates that are fixed for a specified period of time and, thereafter, generally adjust annually to an increment over a specified interest rate index. ARMs refer to hybrid and adjustable-rate mortgage loans which typically have interest rates that adjust annually to an increment over a specified interest rate index.
Residential mortgage loans
Prime nonconforming and credit sensitive residential mortgage loans.

Other assets include financial and mortgage-related assets other than those in our rates and credit strategies, including asset backed securities and certain non-hedging transactions that may produce non-qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests.
Our Investment Activities
At December 31, 2013, we had total assets of approximately $17.2 billion, of which $12.5 billion, or 72.6%, represented our RMBS portfolio; $9.7 billion, or 77.9%, was comprised of Agency RMBS; $2.3 billion, or 18.3%, was comprised of senior non-Agency RMBS; and the remaining $468.7 million, or 3.8%, was comprised of other non-Agency RMBS. Other investments include U.S. Treasuries (classified as trading instruments) of $1.0 billion, or 5.8%; mortgage loans held-for-sale of $544.6 million, or 3.2%; mortgage loans held-for-investment in securitization trusts of $792.4 million, or 4.6%; and MSR of $514.4 million, or 3.0%, of total assets. Remaining assets of $1.8 billion consist of cash, restricted cash, receivables, derivative assets and prepaid assets.

4

Table of Contents



Agency and Non-Agency RMBS
We believe our hybrid Agency and non-Agency RMBS investment model allows management to allocate capital across various sectors within the residential mortgage market, with a focus on security selection and implementation of a relative value investment approach. Capital allocation factors in the opportunities in the marketplace, cost of financing and cost of hedging interest rate, prepayment, credit and other portfolio risks. As a result, RMBS asset allocation reflects management’s opportunistic approach to investing in the marketplace. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we did not significantly modify our RMBS asset allocation between Agency and non-Agency RMBS.
Residential Mortgage Loans
In order to diversify our investment opportunities, we are establishing a sustainable model for creating residential mortgage investments at attractive yields. To achieve this goal, we are constructing a high-quality, multi-originator whole loan conduit program and developing a network of reliable securitization partners including originators, servicers, master servicers, bankers, attorneys, trustees and custodians. We do not originate loans or provide direct financing to lenders; rather, through our mortgage loan conduit we contract with originators to acquire from them loans they originate that meet our purchase criteria. One of our subsidiaries has obtained the requisite licenses and approvals to purchase and sell mortgage loans in the states in which we conduct our conduit activities and have developed an operational platform that includes lender due diligence, loan re-underwriting and vendor oversight. We do not directly service the mortgage loans we acquire, and instead contract with fully licensed third-party subservicers to handle all servicing functions.
In late 2011, we began acquiring prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans from select mortgage loan originators and secondary market institutions with whom we have chosen to build strategic relationships, including those with a national presence. Since 2011, we have continued to acquire residential mortgage loans and, during the year ended December 31, 2013, we participated in two securitizations, one sponsored by a third party and one sponsored by a subsidiary of Two Harbors.
Through our mortgage loan conduit program, we believe we can provide capital solutions to a variety of sellers. Generally, our objective is to securitize the mortgage loans we acquire and create attractive securities with high quality underlying collateral. However, depending on market conditions and other factors, we may also choose to hold and finance certain of the loans or exit through a whole loan sale to a third party. We believe we can manage the associated risks of the assets and hold certain rights to mitigate our losses.
In early 2013, we began acquiring CSL, which are loans that are currently performing, but where the borrower has previously experienced payment delinquencies and is more likely to be underwater (i.e., the amount owed on a mortgage loan exceeds the current market value of the home). As a result, there is a higher probability of default on CSL than on newly originated mortgage loans.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
On April 30, 2013, one of our wholly owned subsidiaries acquired a company that has the requisite approvals from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae to hold and manage MSR. The MSR acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of this entity and those subsequently purchased represent a contractual right to service a mortgage loan and collect a fee for performing servicing activities, such as collecting principal and interest from a borrower and distributing those payments to the owner of the loan. We do not directly service the mortgage loans underlying the MSR we acquire; rather, we contract with fully licensed third-party subservicers to handle all servicing functions for the loans underlying our MSR.
We believe MSR are a natural fit for our portfolio over the long term. Our MSR strategy leverages our core competencies in prepayment and credit risk analytics and the MSR assets are a natural hedge to our Agency RMBS, hedging both interest rate as well as mortgage spread risk. Our goal is to create long-lasting relationships with high quality originators in both flow and bulk acquisitions of MSR. We recently completed a substantial bulk acquisition of MSR from Flagstar Bank, FSB (Flagstar), a subsidiary of Flagstar Bancorp, Inc., and announced a two-year flow arrangement with PHH Corporation through which we will purchase MSR on new-origination production. We continue to make significant strides in developing the long-term infrastructure necessary to support this operational platform, building our technology, servicing oversight and re-underwriting capabilities.
Discontinued Operations
In the first quarter of 2012, as part of the ongoing diversification of our business model, we began acquiring residential real properties in certain metropolitan areas across the United States with the intention of renting the properties for income. On December 19, 2012, we completed the contribution of our portfolio of single-family rental properties to Silver Bay Realty Trust Corp., or Silver Bay, a newly organized Maryland corporation intended to qualify as a REIT and focused on the acquisition, renovation, leasing and management of single-family residential properties for rental income and long-term capital appreciation. We effected this transaction by contributing our equity interests in our then wholly owned subsidiary, Two Harbors Property Investment LLC, to Silver Bay, and in exchange for the contribution, received shares of common stock of Silver Bay. Silver Bay completed its initial public offering, or IPO, of its common stock on December 19, 2012 and is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “SBY”. We distributed shares of Silver Bay common stock we received in the transaction to our stockholders on or about April 24, 2013. Because we will not have any significant continuing involvement in Two Harbors

5

Table of Contents



Property Investment LLC, all of the associated operating results were removed from continuing operations and are presented separately as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.
Our Investment Guidelines
Our board of directors has approved the following investment guidelines:
no investment shall be made that would cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
no investment shall be made that would cause us to be regulated as an investment company under the 1940 Act;
we will primarily invest within our target assets, consisting primarily of Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, residential mortgage loans and MSR; approximately 5% to 10% of our portfolio may include other financial assets; and
until appropriate investments can be identified, we will invest available cash in interest-bearing and short-term investments that are consistent with (i) our intention to qualify as a REIT, and (ii) our exemption from investment company status under the 1940 Act.
These investment guidelines may be changed from time to time by our board of directors in its discretion without the approval of our stockholders.
Within the constraints of the foregoing investment guidelines, PRCM Advisers has broad authority to select, finance and manage our investment portfolio. As a general matter, our investment strategy is designed to enable us to:
build an investment portfolio consisting of Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS, residential mortgage loans, MSR and other mortgage-related assets that will generate attractive returns while having a moderate risk profile;
manage financing, interest, prepayment rate, credit and similar risks;
capitalize on discrepancies in the relative valuations in the mortgage and housing markets; and
provide regular quarterly distributions to stockholders.
Within the requirements of the investment guidelines, PRCM Advisers makes determinations as to the percentage of our assets that will be invested in each of our target assets. Our investment decisions depend on prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different interest rate, economic and credit environments. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our assets that will be invested in any of our target asset classes at any given time. We believe that the diversification of our portfolio of assets and the flexibility of our strategy, combined with the expertise of PRCM Advisers and its affiliates, will enable us to achieve attractive risk-adjusted total return under a variety of market conditions and economic cycles.
Financing Strategy
We deploy moderate leverage to increase potential returns to our stockholders and to fund the acquisition of our assets. We are not required to maintain any particular leverage ratio. The amount of leverage we deploy for particular investments in our target assets depends upon an assessment of a variety of factors, which may include the anticipated liquidity and price volatility of our assets; the gap between the duration of assets and liabilities, including hedges; the availability and cost of financing the assets; our opinion of the credit worthiness of financing counterparties; the health of the U.S. economy and residential mortgage and housing markets; our outlook for the level, slope and volatility of interest rates; the credit quality of the loans underlying our Agency RMBS and non-Agency RMBS; and our outlook for asset spreads relative to the London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, curve.
Our primary financing source is repurchase agreements. We may use repurchase agreements to deploy, on a debt-to-equity basis, up to ten times leverage on our Agency RMBS assets, but we are not required to maintain any particular leverage ratio. We expect under current market conditions to deploy limited leverage on our non-Agency RMBS through the use of repurchase agreements.
Repurchase agreements are financings pursuant to which one party, the seller or borrower, sells assets to the repurchase agreement counterparty, the buyer or lender, for an agreed price with the obligation to repurchase the assets from the buyer at a future date and at a price higher than the original purchase price. The amount of financing available under a repurchase agreement is limited to a specified percentage of the estimated market value of the assets. The difference between the sale price and repurchase price is the interest expense of financing under a repurchase agreement. Under repurchase agreement financing arrangements, if the value of the collateral decreases, the buyer could require the seller to provide additional cash collateral to re-establish the ratio of value of the collateral to the amount of borrowing. In the current economic climate, lenders under repurchase agreements generally advance approximately 90% to 97% of the market value of the Agency RMBS financed (meaning a 3% to 10% discount from market value, or haircut) and 50% to 75% of the market value of the non-Agency RMBS financed (meaning a 25% to 50% haircut). A significant decrease in advance rate or an increase in the haircut could result in our having to sell securities in order to meet additional margin requirements by the lender. We expect to mitigate our risk of margin calls under repurchase agreements by deploying a prudent amount of leverage that is below what could be used under current advance rates.

6

Table of Contents



In order to reduce our exposure to counterparty-related risk, we generally seek to diversify our exposure by entering into repurchase agreements with multiple counterparties. At December 31, 2013, we had $12.3 billion of outstanding balances under repurchase agreements with 20 counterparties, with a maximum net exposure (the difference between the amount loaned to us, including interest payable, and the value of the assets pledged by us as collateral, including accrued interest receivable on such assets) to any single lender of $302.7 million, or 7.9% of equity.
We also use repurchase agreements to finance our mortgage loans held-for-sale. In the current economic climate, lenders under repurchase agreements generally advance approximately 80% to 90% of the market value of prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans (meaning a 10% to 20% haircut) and 50% to 60% of the market value on CSL (meaning a 40% to 50% haircut).
Our MSR are currently unlevered with limited ability to borrow against the asset. We are currently funding these assets with equity of the company.
In December 2013, our wholly owned subsidiary, TH Insurance Holdings Company LLC, or TH Insurance Holdings, was accepted for membership in the FHLB. As a member of the FHLB, TH Insurance Holdings has access to a variety of products and services offered by the FHLB, including secured advances. Eligible collateral may include conventional 1-4 family residential loans, Agency RMBS and non-Agency RMBS with an A rating and above.
Interest Rate Hedging and Risk Management Strategy
We enter into a variety of derivative and non-derivative instruments in connection with our risk management activities. Our primary objective for executing these derivative and non-derivative instruments is to mitigate our economic exposure to future events that are outside our control. Our derivative financial instruments are utilized principally to manage market risk and cash flow volatility associated with interest rate risk (including associated prepayment risk) related to certain assets and liabilities. As part of our risk management activities, we may, at times, enter into various forward contracts including short securities, Agency TBAs, options, futures, swaps and caps. In executing on our current risk management strategy, we have entered into interest rate swap agreements, swaptions, constant maturity swaps, credit default swaps, TBA positions, put and call options for TBAs, short U.S.Treasuries and forward sale commitments. We have also entered into a number of non-derivative instruments to manage interest rate risk, principally U.S. Treasuries and Agency interest-only securities.
Our Competitive Advantages
Our investment strategy is focused on utilizing our underlying core strengths, described below in further detail, which we believe offer competitive advantages in the marketplace:
Significant Experience of Our Management Team
We believe that the extensive experience of our management team and, through our relationship with PRCM Advisers, the employees of Pine River provide us with significant expertise across our target assets. Our team of dedicated investment professionals has managed Agency RMBS, non-Agency RMBS and other mortgage-related assets through a variety of credit and interest rate environments and has demonstrated strong ability to generate attractive risk-adjusted returns under different market conditions, on both a levered and unlevered basis.
William Roth, our Chief Investment Officer, and the other senior members of our investment team have extensive experience in investing in mortgage-backed securities and other mortgage-related assets, including experience in performing advisory services for investment banks, funds, other investment vehicles and other managed and discretionary accounts. Our team of dedicated investment professionals includes seasoned traders, analysts and risk managers, and is backed by Pine River’s extensive infrastructure in the areas of credit analysis, trade execution, risk management, valuation, accounting, operations and law.
Ability to Provide Capital Solutions to the Residential Mortgage Market
We believe our investment diversification strategy into MSR and residential mortgage loans, combined with our seller-servicer approvals from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae to hold and manage MSR, our state licenses and approvals to purchase and sell mortgage loans, and the expansion of our infrastructure necessary to support these operational platforms, including technology, servicing oversight and re-underwriting capabilities, allows us to provide attractive capital solutions to originators, servicers and RMBS investor partners. We are not, nor do we currently intend to be, an originator or servicer of mortgage loans. As such, we believe our current business model is complementary to the objectives of our business partners.
Disciplined Relative Value Investment Approach
Disciplined security selection is a key element of our strategy. We are, in essence, a relative value investor in residential mortgage-backed securities. We use a cross-product approach, conducting top-down market assessments with respect to various subsets of the RMBS market in order to identify the most attractive segments and investment opportunities. In employing this detailed analysis, we seek to best capture market inefficiencies and identify the most attractive securities. We select our RMBS based on factors that include extensive analysis of the underlying loans, including prepayment trends, average remaining life, amortization schedules, fixed versus floating interest rates, geographic concentration, property type, loan-to-value ratios and credit scores. Considering the multi-trillion dollar size of the U.S. RMBS market, we can be selective with our investments and

7

Table of Contents



buy only the securities we deem to be the most attractive. We believe this holistic, relative-value approach to the non-Agency and Agency RMBS investments may achieve higher risk-adjusted returns than an approach that focuses on a single sector of the residential mortgage market.
Portfolio Construction
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total return to our stockholders over the long term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We intend to achieve this objective by constructing a well-balanced portfolio consisting primarily of RMBS, MSR and mortgage loans, with a focus on managing various associated risks, including interest rate, prepayment, mortgage spread and financing risk. We use the expertise of our dedicated team of investment professionals across a broad range of asset classes within the RMBS and mortgage markets to build a portfolio that seeks to balance income, cash, capital appreciation, leverage and the aforementioned risks. Through the careful and disciplined selection of assets, and continual portfolio monitoring, we seek to build and maintain an investment portfolio that provides value to stockholders over time both in absolute terms and relative to other RMBS and mortgage-related portfolios.
Analytical Tools, Infrastructure and Expertise
Our experienced investment team constructs and manages our investment portfolio through the use of focused qualitative and quantitative analysis, which helps us manage risk on a security-by-security and portfolio basis. We rely on a variety of proprietary and third-party analytical tools and models, which we customize to our needs. We focus on in-depth analysis of the numerous factors that influence our target assets, including:
fundamental market and sector review;
cash flow analysis;
disciplined security selection;
controlled risk exposure; and
prudent balance sheet management.
    We also use these tools to guide our hedging strategies to the extent consistent with the requirements for qualification as a REIT.
Our focus on loan level and local market analysis allows us to track and understand borrower performance, which we consider important to our overall investment strategy. Our ability to track real-time variables such as market specific home prices and unemployment rates provides us with valuable insights and helps with specific asset selection decisions. We believe that sophisticated analysis of both macro- and micro-economic factors will enable us to manage cash flow and distributions while preserving our stockholders’ capital.
Through a shared facilities and services agreement with Pine River, PRCM Advisers has access to analytical and portfolio management capabilities to aid in security selection and risk management. We capitalize on the market knowledge and ready access to data across our target markets that PRCM Advisers and its affiliates obtain through their established platform. We also benefit, through PRCM Advisers, from Pine River’s comprehensive finance, operational and administrative infrastructure, including its risk management and financial reporting and accounting operations, as well as its business development, legal, compliance, operations, settlement, and software development teams.
Extensive Strategic Relationships and Experience of PRCM Advisers and its Affiliates
PRCM Advisers and its affiliates maintain extensive long-term relationships with financial intermediaries including prime brokers, investment banks, broker-dealers and asset custodians. We believe these relationships enhance our ability to source, finance, protect and hedge our investments and, thus, enable us to succeed in various credit and interest rate environments. Members of the our investment team have many years of experience and well-established contacts within the RMBS industry. This experience and the associated relationships are beneficial for our stockholders.
Management Agreement
Pursuant to the management agreement between us and PRCM Advisers, PRCM Advisers provides a dedicated team of investment and management professionals to implement our business strategy as well as operational and administrative infrastructure to support our operations, subject to oversight by our board of directors. PRCM Advisers is responsible for, among other duties, (i) performing all of our day-to-day functions; (ii) determining investment criteria in conjunction with our board of directors; (iii) sourcing, analyzing and executing investments, asset sales and financings; and (iv) performing asset management duties.
The current term of the management agreement expires on October 28, 2014, and will automatically renew thereafter for successive one-year terms until terminated in accordance with the agreement. Our independent directors review PRCM Advisers’ performance annually and the management agreement may be terminated by us without cause upon the vote of at least two-thirds of our independent directors or by a vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock, based upon: (i) PRCM Advisers’ unsatisfactory performance that is materially detrimental to us or (ii) our determination that the management fees payable to PRCM Advisers are not fair, subject to PRCM Advisers’ right to prevent termination based

8

Table of Contents



on unfair fees by accepting a reduction of management fees agreed to by at least two-thirds of our independent directors. We are required to provide PRCM Advisers with 180 days’ prior notice of such termination. Upon termination of the management agreement by us without cause or by PRCM Advisers due to our material breach of the management agreement, we are required to pay a termination fee equal to three times the sum of the average annual base management fee earned by PRCM Advisers during the 24-month period immediately preceding the date of termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter prior to the date of termination. We may terminate the management agreement with 30 days’ prior notice from our board of directors, without payment of a termination fee, for cause, as defined in the management agreement. PRCM Advisers may terminate the management agreement if we become required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act, with such termination deemed to occur immediately before such event, and may also decline to renew the management agreement by providing us with 180 days’ prior notice, in either case of which we would not be required to pay a termination fee.
Base Management Fee
The base management fee paid to PRCM Advisers is 1.5% of our stockholders’ equity per annum, calculated and payable quarterly in arrears.
For purposes of calculating the management fee, our stockholders’ equity means the sum of the net proceeds from all issuances of our equity securities since inception (allocated on a pro rata daily basis for such issuances during the fiscal quarter of any such issuance), plus our retained earnings at the end of the most recently completed calendar quarter (without taking into account any non-cash equity compensation expense incurred in current or prior periods), less any amount that we have paid for repurchases of our common stock since inception, and excluding any unrealized gains, losses or other items that do not affect realized net income (regardless of whether such items are included in other comprehensive income or loss, or in net income). This amount will be adjusted to exclude one-time events pursuant to changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, and certain non-cash items after discussions between PRCM Advisers and our independent directors and approval by a majority of our independent directors. To the extent asset impairments reduce our retained earnings at the end of any completed calendar quarter it will reduce the base management fee for such quarter. Our stockholders’ equity for the purposes of calculating the base management fee could be greater than the amount of stockholders’ equity shown on the consolidated financial statements. In connection with the Silver Bay transaction, the management fee payable by us to PRCM Advisers for the year ended December 31, 2013 was reduced by $4.3 million.
Expense Reimbursement
We reimburse PRCM Advisers for (i) our allocable share of the compensation paid by Pine River to its personnel serving as our principal financial officer and general counsel and personnel employed by Pine River as in-house legal, tax, accounting, consulting, auditing, administrative, information technology, valuation, computer programming and development and back-office resources to us and (ii) any amounts for personnel of Pine River’s affiliates arising under a shared facilities and services agreement.
Operating and Regulatory Structure
Our business is subject to extensive regulation by U.S. federal and state governmental authorities, self-regulatory organizations and securities exchanges. We are required to comply with numerous federal and state laws, including those described below. The laws, rules and regulations comprising this regulatory framework change frequently, as can the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations. Some of the laws, rules and regulations to which we are subject are intended primarily to safeguard and protect consumers, rather than stockholders or creditors. From time to time, we may receive requests from U.S. federal and state agencies for records, documents and information regarding our policies, procedures and practices regarding our business activities. We incur significant ongoing costs to comply with these government regulations.
REIT Qualification
We elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with our taxable period ended December 31, 2009. Our qualification as a REIT depends upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual investment and operating results, various complex requirements under the Code relating to, among other things, the sources of our gross income, the composition and value of our assets, our distribution levels and the diversity of ownership of our shares. We believe that we are organized in conformity with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and we conduct our operations in a manner which will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT. Certain activities that we may perform may cause us to earn income that will not be qualifying income for REIT purposes. We have designated certain of our subsidiaries as TRSs to engage in such activities, and we may in the future form additional TRSs.
As long as we continue to qualify as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the REIT taxable income we distribute currently to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular corporate rates and may be precluded from qualifying as a REIT for the subsequent four taxable years following the year during which we lost our REIT

9

Table of Contents



qualification. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income or property.
Investment Company Act of 1940
We conduct our operations so that we are not required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the 1940 Act. If we were to fall within the definition of an investment company, we would be unable to conduct our business as described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that “is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities.” Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act also defines an investment company as any issuer that “is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis.” Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. Government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exclusion from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act.
We are organized as a holding company that conducts business primarily through our subsidiaries. Any business conducted through our subsidiaries will be conducted in such a manner as to ensure that we do not meet the definition of “investment company” because less than 40% of the value of our total assets on an unconsolidated basis would consist of “investment securities.”
To avoid registration as an investment company, certain of our subsidiaries rely on certain exemptions from the 1940 Act, including Section 3(c)(5)(C), which exempts entities that are “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” Under the SEC staff’s current guidance, to qualify for this exemption, we must maintain (i) at least 55% of our assets in qualifying interests (referred to as the 55% Test) and (ii) at least 80% of our assets in qualifying interest plus other real estate related assets (referred to as the 80% Test). Qualifying interests for this purpose include mortgage loans and other assets, such as whole pool Agency and non-Agency RMBS, which are considered the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for the purposes of the 1940 Act. We expect each of our subsidiaries relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) to invest at least 55% of its assets in qualifying interests in accordance with SEC staff guidance, and an additional 25% of its assets in either qualifying interests or other types of real estate related assets that do not constitute qualifying interests. We believe that we conduct our business so that we are exempt from the 1940 Act under Section 3(c)(5)(C), but rapid changes in the values of our assets could disrupt prior efforts to conduct our business to meet the 55% Test and the 80% Test. Our efforts to comply with the 55% Test and the 80% Test could require us to acquire or dispose of certain assets at unfavorable prices and limit our ability to pursue certain investment opportunities. Our business will be materially and adversely affected if we fail to qualify for an exemption from registration under the 1940 Act.
On August 31, 2011, the SEC issued a “concept release” soliciting public comment on a wide range of issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, including what types of assets should be deemed qualifying interests and whether REITs that invest in RMBS should be regulated in a manner similar to investment companies. Although we believe that we are properly relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act to exempt us from regulation under the 1940 Act, if the SEC were to adopt new rules or publish new or different guidance, it could affect our ability to rely on such exemption or could require us to change our business and operations in order for us to continue to rely on such exemption. Although we intend to monitor our compliance with the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain this exemption.
Mortgage Industry Regulation
Although we do not originate or service residential mortgage loans, we must comply with various federal and state laws, rules and regulations as a result of owning residential mortgage loans and MSR. These rules generally focus on consumer protection and include, among others, rules promulgated under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act of 1999, or the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. We are also required to maintain qualifications and licenses in certain states in order to own certain of our assets. These requirements can and do change as statutes and regulations are enacted, promulgated or amended, and the recent trend among federal and state lawmakers and regulators has been toward increasing laws, regulations and investigative proceedings in relation to the mortgage industry generally. Changes in these regulatory and legal requirements, including changes in their enforcement, could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act imposes additional obligations on us to safeguard the information we maintain on mortgage loan borrowers, requires that we provide mortgage borrowers with notices describing how we collect, use and share their personal information, and allows mortgage borrowers to “opt-out” of sharing certain information with third parties and affiliates. In addition, certain states have passed a variety of laws to further protect borrower information, including laws that regulate the use and storage of personally identifiable information, require notifications to borrowers if the security of their personal information is breached, or require us to encrypt personal information when it is transmitted electronically. These

10

Table of Contents



federal and state laws require ongoing review and changes to our operations, increased compliance costs, and affect our ability to use and share information with third parties.
The Dodd-Frank Act significantly changed the regulation of financial institutions and the financial services industry, including the mortgage industry. The Dodd-Frank Act tasked many agencies with issuing a variety of new regulations, including rules related to mortgage origination, mortgage servicing, securitization transactions and derivatives.
The Dodd-Frank Act created a new regulator, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or the CFPB, which is responsible for regulating the offering and provision of financial products and services for personal, family and household purposes. The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority with respect to many of the federal consumer protection laws applicable to the mortgage industry. In addition to its rulemaking authority, the CFPB has supervision, examination and enforcement authority over consumer financial products and services by certain non-depository institutions, including our company.
The CFPB has issued a series of final rules as part of ongoing efforts to affect reforms and create uniform standards for the mortgage lending and servicing industries. These rules, many of which became effective on January 10, 2014, include requirements addressing how lenders must evaluate a consumer’s ability to repay a mortgage loan, what specific communications must be made to consumers at various stages in the mortgage lending and servicing processes, how consumer account records must be maintained and how servicers must respond to written borrower requests, complaints and notices of errors. The rules also provide specific guidance relating to servicing delinquent loans, undertaking loss mitigation efforts and commencing foreclosure proceedings. These rules will likely lead to increased costs to originate and service loans across the mortgage industry, and given their complexity, it is anticipated the originators, servicers and other mortgage industry participants will be exposed to greater regulatory scrutiny from federal and state regulators and increased litigation and complaints from both consumers and government officials. We are continuing to evaluate the full impact of these rules and their impact to our business.
Because a significant number of rules and regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act relating to the origination and servicing of residential mortgage loans are recently effective, it is not yet certain how these regulations will affect the mortgage industry, including the availability of credit, the ability to execute securitization transactions and the investing environment for our target assets. In response to these new regulations, we have implemented new policies and procedures in order to ensure ongoing compliance with the laws, rules and regulations applicable to our business. We have incurred, and expect to incur, ongoing operational costs to comply with these new rules and regulations. While we continue to evaluate all aspects of the Dodd-Frank Act applicable to us, it is not possible for us to predict how regulation under the Dodd-Frank Act will affect our business.
Corporate Governance
We strive to maintain an ethical workplace in which the highest standards of professional conduct are practiced.
Our board of directors is composed of a majority of independent directors. Our Audit, Compensation, Nominating and Corporate Governance and Risk Oversight Committees are composed exclusively of independent directors.
In order to foster the highest standards of ethics and conduct in all of our business relationships, we have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Corporate Governance Guidelines, which cover a wide range of business practices and procedures that apply to all of our directors, officers and employees. In addition, we have implemented Whistle Blowing Procedures for Accounting and Auditing Matters that set forth procedures by which any officer or employee may raise, on a confidential basis, concerns regarding any questionable or unethical accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters with our Audit Committee.
We have an insider trading policy that prohibits any of our directors, officers and personnel from buying or selling our securities on the basis of material nonpublic information and prohibits communicating material nonpublic information about us to others. In addition, we have policies that prohibit our directors, officers and personnel from buying or selling the securities of other issuers on the basis of material nonpublic information that we may possess from time to time.
We have a formal internal audit function, through the current use of an outsourced firm, to further the effective functioning of our internal controls and procedures. Our internal audit plan, which is approved annually by our Audit Committee, is based on a formal risk assessment and is intended to provide management and our Audit Committee with an effective tool to identify and address areas of financial or operational concerns and to ensure that appropriate controls and procedures are in place. We have implemented Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, or the SOX Act, which requires an evaluation of internal control over financial reporting in association with our financial statements as of December 31, 2013. (See Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.)
Competition
Our net income depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire assets at favorable spreads over our borrowing costs. In acquiring our target assets, we compete with other REITs, specialty finance companies, savings and loan associations, banks, mortgage bankers, insurance companies, mutual funds, institutional investors, investment banking firms, financial institutions, governmental agencies, mortgage loan servicers and other entities. Some of these entities may not be subject to the same

11

Table of Contents



regulatory constraints that we are (i.e., REIT compliance or maintaining an exemption under the 1940 Act). Many of our competitors are significantly larger than us, have access to greater capital and other resources and may have other advantages over us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish more relationships than us. Current market conditions may attract more competitors for certain of our target assets, which will not only affect the supply of assets but may also increase the competition for sources of financing for these assets. An increase in the competition for sources of funding could adversely affect the availability and cost of financing, and thereby adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
Other Historical Information
In connection with our merger with Capitol, warrants to purchase 33,249,000 shares of Two Harbors common stock were issued, of which 7,000,000 were issued to the founding stockholders of Capitol and the remainder were sold to the public. Under the terms of the warrant agreement, as subsequently amended, the warrants had an exercise price of $11.00 per share, which was lowered to $10.25 per share pursuant to the terms of the warrant agreement as a result of the special dividend of Silver Bay common stock in the first quarter of 2013. The number of shares of common stock issuable for each warrant share exercised was also increased to 1.0727 shares as a result of this dividend. The warrants expired in accordance with their terms at 5:00 pm EST on November 7, 2013. Of the 33,249,000 warrants originally issued, 3,580,279 warrants expired unexercised. No warrants were outstanding as of December 31, 2013.
Financial Information
Financial information concerning our business for each of 2013, 2012 and 2011 is set forth in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” and the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto, and the supplemental financial information, which are in Part II, Items 7, 7A and 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Available Information
Our website can be found at www.twoharborsinvestment.com. We make available, free of charge on our website (on the Investor Relations page under “SEC Filings”), our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports, as are filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as well as our proxy statement with respect to our annual meeting of stockholders, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our Exchange Act reports filed with, or furnished to, the SEC are also available at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The content of any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K unless expressly noted.
We also make available, free of charge, the charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee, and Risk Oversight Committee, as well as our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Whistleblowing Procedures and Stockholder Communication Policy. Within the time period required by the SEC and the NYSE, we will post on our website any amendment to the Code of Ethics and any waiver applicable to any executive officer, director or senior officer (as defined in the Code of Ethics).
Our Investor Relations Department can be contacted at 590 Madison Avenue, 36th Floor, New York, NY 10022, Attn: Investor Relations, or by telephone at (612) 629-2500.

Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following is a summary of the significant risk factors known to us that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition to understanding the key risks described below, investors should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all risk factors and, consequently, the following is not a complete discussion of all potential risks or uncertainties.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations
The value of your investment is subject to the significant risks affecting our business described below. If any of the events described below occur, our business, financial condition, liquidity and/or results of operations could be adversely affected in a material way.
Difficult conditions in the mortgage and residential real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally may cause the market value of our assets to decline, and these conditions may not improve in the near future.
Our results of operations are materially affected by conditions in the mortgage and residential real estate markets, the financial markets and the economy generally. In recent years, concerns about the mortgage market, significant declines in home prices, increases in home foreclosures, high unemployment, the availability and cost of credit and rising government debt levels, as well as inflation, energy costs, the so-called “fiscal cliff” and European sovereign debt issues, have contributed to increased volatility and uncertainty for the economy and financial markets. The mortgage market continues to be adversely affected by the tightening of lending standards and general availability of credit since the 2008 financial crisis, and there is no

12

Table of Contents



assurance that these conditions have stabilized or that they will not worsen. This has an impact on new demand for homes, which will compress the home ownership rates and weigh heavily on future home price performance. There is a strong correlation between home price growth rates (or losses) and mortgage loan delinquencies. The continued stagnation in or a further deterioration of the mortgage market may cause us to experience losses related to our assets. Declines in the market values of our investments may adversely affect our results of operations and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to stockholders.
Actions of the U.S. Government, including the U.S. Congress, U.S. Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury and other governmental and regulatory bodies, to stabilize or reform the financial markets may not achieve the intended effect and may adversely affect our business.
In response to turmoil in the financial markets beginning in 2007, the U.S. Government, including the U.S. Congress, U.S. Federal Reserve, U.S. Treasury and other governmental and regulatory bodies have taken a number of actions designed to stabilize the financial markets. There can be no assurance that, in the long term, these actions will improve the efficiency and stability of residential mortgage markets or U.S. financial markets. To the extent the financial markets do not respond favorably to any of these actions or such actions do not function as intended, our business may be harmed. The U.S. Government, the U.S. Federal Reserve, the U.S. Treasury and other governmental and regulatory bodies may take additional actions in the future to address the financial crisis and stimulate the economic recovery. We cannot predict whether or when such actions may occur, and such actions could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Our business model depends in part upon the continuing viability of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, or similar institutions, and any significant changes to their structure or creditworthiness could have an adverse impact on us.
We purchase Agency RMBS that are protected from the risk of default on the underlying mortgages by guarantees from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or, in the case of the Ginnie Mae, the U.S. Government. In the past, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have reported substantial losses and a need for substantial amounts of additional capital. In 2008, in response to the deteriorating financial condition of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the U.S. Government and U.S. Treasury undertook a series of actions designed to stabilize these GSEs, including placing them into a federal conservatorship, under which the Federal Housing Finance Agency, or FHFA, operate Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
In a further attempt to stabilize the financial and housing markets, in December 2009 the U.S. Government committed virtually unlimited capital to ensure the continued existence of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac until 2014. Despite projections that the FHFA will continue to provide financing beyond 2014, the FHFA recently assumed new leadership and there is no assurance that such capital will always be available, or that the agencies will always honor their guarantees and other obligations. If these GSEs fail to honor their guarantees, the value of any Agency RMBS assets that we hold would decline.
The U.S. Congress and the Obama Administration have announced their intention to reduce government support for housing finance, including the possible restructuring or elimination of the GSEs. In February 2011, a report released by the U.S. Department of Treasury and Department of Housing and Urban Development outlined three paths for GSE reform, all of which would drastically change the landscape of the U.S. mortgage market. The continued flow of residential mortgage-backed securities from the GSEs is essential to the operation of the mortgage markets in their current form, and crucial to our business model. In the wake of the financial crisis, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac became the dominant, and in some cases, the only source of mortgage financing in the U.S. Their recent profitability has introduced further uncertainty with respect to reform efforts. Although any reform would be expected to take several years to implement, if the structure of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac were altered, or if they were eliminated altogether, the amount and type of Agency RMBS and other mortgage-related assets available for investment would be significantly affected. A reduction in supply of Agency RMBS and other mortgage-related assets would result in increased competition for those assets and likely lead to a significant increase in the price we would have to pay for our target assets.
It is not possible to predict the scope and nature of the actions that the U.S. Government will ultimately take with respect to the GSEs. As a result, market uncertainty with respect to the treatment of the GSEs, including that which may be created by proposed legislation or the eventual adoption of laws affecting the GSEs, could have the effect of reducing the actual or perceived quality of, and therefore the market value for, the Agency RMBS that we currently hold in our portfolio.
All of the foregoing could materially adversely affect the availability, pricing, liquidity, market value and financing of our target assets and materially adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.
The adoption of the Dodd-Frank Act and regulations implementing such legislation may have a substantial impact on the mortgage industry and the RMBS markets, which may in turn have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed into law the Dodd-Frank Act, which has and continues to significantly change the regulation of financial institutions and the financial services industry, including the mortgage industry. The Dodd-Frank Act tasked many agencies with issuing a variety of new regulations, including rules related to mortgage origination, mortgage servicing, securitization transactions and derivatives. As of February 2014, it was estimated that only half of the required rulemakings under Dodd-Frank had been finalized. Consequently, it is not possible for us to predict how additional regulation

13

Table of Contents



under the Dodd-Frank Act will affect our business, and there can be no assurance that new rules promulgated under the Dodd-Frank Act will not have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
The Dodd-Frank Act created a new regulator, the CFPB, which is responsible for regulating the offering and provision of financial products and services for personal, family and household purposes. In addition to assuming many of the consumer financial protection functions exercised by other federal regulators under certain enumerated financial protection statutes, such as the Truth in Lending Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act and the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the CFPB was granted broad rulemaking authority to protect consumers from unfair, deceptive or abusive practices. The CFPB has issued a series of final rules as part of ongoing efforts to effect reforms and create uniform standards for the mortgage lending and servicing industries. These additional new rules, many of which became effective on January 10, 2014, include requirements addressing how lenders must evaluate a consumer’s ability to repay a mortgage loan, what specific communications must be made to consumers at various stages in the mortgage lending and servicing processes, how consumer account records must be maintained and how servicers must respond to written borrower requests, complaints and notices of errors. The rules also provide specific guidance relating to servicing delinquent loans, undertaking loss mitigation efforts and commencing foreclosure proceedings. These rules will likely lead to increased costs to originate and service loans across the mortgage industry, and given their complexity, it is anticipated the originators, servicers and other mortgage industry participants will be exposed to greater regulatory scrutiny from federal and state regulators, and increased litigation and complaints from both consumers and government officials. We expect to incur ongoing operational and system costs as we build processes to ensure we comply with new rules and regulations applicable to us as well as to monitor how our business partners comply with the new rules and regulations applicable to them. We are continuing to evaluate the full impact of these rules and their impact to our business.
Purchases and sales of Agency RMBS by the Federal Reserve may adversely affect the price and return associated with those securities.
On September 13, 2012, the Federal Reserve announced its third quantitative easing program, or QE3, and extended their guidance to keep the federal funds rate at “exceptionally low levels” through at least mid-2015. QE3 involves large-scale purchases of Agency RMBS by the Federal Reserve, which were recently scaled back from a pace of $85 billion per month to $65 billion per month, in addition to the Federal Reserve’s existing policy of reinvesting principal payments from its holdings of Agency RMBS into new Agency RMBS purchases. We expect there to be further reductions in the future. While we cannot predict the future impact of this program or any future actions by the Federal Reserve on the prices and liquidity of Agency RMBS, we expect that during periods in which the Federal Reserve purchases significant volumes of Agency RMBS, the yields on Agency RMBS may be lower and refinancing volumes may be higher than they would have been absent these large scale purchases. As a result, returns on Agency RMBS may be adversely affected. There is also a continued risk that as the Federal Reserve reduces their purchases of Agency RMBS or if they decide to sell some or all of their holdings of Agency RMBS, the value of our Agency RMBS portfolio may be adversely affected.
We operate in a highly competitive market and we may not be able to compete successfully.
We operate in a highly competitive market. Our profitability depends, in large part, on our ability to acquire a sufficient supply of our target assets at favorable prices. In acquiring assets, we compete with a variety of investors, including other mortgage REITs, specialty finance companies, public and private investment funds, commercial and investment banks, broker-dealers, commercial finance and insurance companies, the GSEs, mortgage servicers and other financial institutions. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than do we. Additionally, we face significant competition from governmental actions and initiatives designed to stimulate the U.S. economy and mortgage market, including competition for RMBS assets from the Federal Reserve as a result of its quantitative easing policy, and competition from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in purchasing and securitizing mortgage loans. Competition for our target assets may lead to the price of such assets increasing and their availability decreasing, which may limit our ability to generate desired returns, reduce our earnings and, in turn, decrease the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.
We may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures without stockholder consent.
We may change any of our strategies, policies or procedures with respect to investments, asset allocation, growth, operations, indebtedness, financing strategy and distributions at any time without the consent of stockholders, which could result in our making investments that are different from, and possibly riskier than, the types of investments described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. A change in strategy may increase our exposure to credit risk, interest rate risk, financing risk, default risk and real estate market fluctuations. These changes could adversely affect our financial condition, risk profile, results of operations, the market price of our common stock and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
We may engage in new business initiatives and invest in diverse types of assets and these activities could expose us to new, different or increased risks.
We frequently evaluate new business opportunities and investment strategies that would allow us to diversify our business. We have invested in and may in the future invest in a variety of mortgage-related and other financial assets that may or may not be closely related to our current business. Additionally, we may enter other operating businesses that may or may not be closely

14

Table of Contents



related to our current business. These new assets or business operations may have new, different or increased risks than what we are currently exposed to in our business and we may not be able to manage these risks successfully. Additionally, when investing in new assets or businesses we will be exposed to the risk that those assets, or income generated by those assets or businesses, will affect our ability to meet the requirements to maintain our REIT status or our status as exempt from registration under the 1940 Act. If we are not able to successfully manage the risks associated with new assets types or businesses, it could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Maintenance of our 1940 Act exemption imposes limits on our operations.
We intend to conduct our operations so as not to become required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the 1940 Act defines an investment company as any issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities and owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of the issuer’s total assets (exclusive of U.S. Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis. Excluded from the term “investment securities,” among other things, are U.S. Government securities and securities issued by majority-owned subsidiaries that are not themselves investment companies and are not relying on the exception from the definition of investment company set forth in Section 3(c)(1) or Section 3(c)(7) of the 1940 Act.
We are organized as a holding company that conducts its businesses primarily through our subsidiaries. We intend to conduct the operations of Two Harbors and its subsidiaries so that they do not come within the definition of an investment company because less than 40% of the value of their total assets on an unconsolidated basis will consist of “investment securities.”
Certain of our subsidiaries intend to rely upon the exemption from registration as an investment company under the 1940 Act pursuant to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, which is available for entities “primarily engaged in the business of purchasing or otherwise acquiring mortgages and other liens on and interests in real estate.” This exemption generally means that at least 55% of each such subsidiary’s portfolio must be comprised of qualifying assets and at least 80% of its portfolio must be comprised of qualifying assets and real estate-related assets under the 1940 Act. Qualifying assets for this purpose include mortgage loans and other assets, such as whole pool Agency and non-Agency RMBS, which are considered the functional equivalent of mortgage loans for the purposes of the 1940 Act. We expect each of our subsidiaries relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) to invest at least 55% of its assets in whole pool Agency and non-Agency RMBS and other interests in real estate that constitute qualifying assets in accordance with SEC staff guidance and an additional 25% of its assets in either qualifying assets and other types of real estate related assets that do not constitute qualifying assets.
As a result of the foregoing restrictions, we are limited in our ability to make or dispose of certain investments. To the extent that the SEC publishes new or different guidance with respect to these matters, we may be required to adjust our strategy accordingly. In addition, we may be limited in our ability to make certain investments and these limitations could result in the subsidiary holding assets that we might wish to sell or selling assets that we might wish to hold. Although we monitor the portfolios of our subsidiaries relying on the Section 3(c)(5)(C) exemption periodically and prior to each acquisition or disposition of assets, there can be no assurance that such subsidiaries will be able to maintain this exemption.
We will make the determination of whether an entity is a majority-owned subsidiary. The 1940 Act defines a majority-owned subsidiary of a person as a company 50% or more of the outstanding voting securities of which are owned by such person, or by another company which is a majority-owned subsidiary of such person. The 1940 Act further defines voting securities as any security presently entitling the owner or holder thereof to vote for the election of directors of a company. We treat companies in which we own at least a majority of the outstanding voting securities as majority-owned subsidiaries for purposes of the 40% test. We have not requested the SEC staff to approve our treatment of any company as a majority-owned subsidiary and the SEC staff has not done so. If the SEC or its staff were to disagree with our treatment of one or more companies as majority-owned subsidiaries, we would need to adjust our strategy and our assets in order to continue to pass the 40% test. Any such adjustment in our strategy could have a material adverse effect.
Qualification for exemption from registration under the 1940 Act limits our ability to make certain investments. For example, these restrictions limit the ability of our subsidiaries to invest directly in mortgage-backed securities that represent less than the entire ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, debt and equity tranches of securitizations and certain asset backed securities and real estate companies or in assets not related to real estate.
Loss of our 1940 Act exemption would adversely affect us, the market price of shares of our common stock and our ability to distribute dividends, and could result in the termination of the management agreement with PRCM Advisers.
As described above, we intend to conduct operations so as not to become required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act based on current laws, regulations and guidance. Although we monitor our portfolio periodically, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our exemption as an investment company under the 1940 Act. On August 31, 2011, the SEC issued a “concept release” soliciting public comment on a wide range of issues relating to Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act, including what types of assets should be deemed qualifying interests and whether REITs that invest in RMBS

15

Table of Contents



should be regulated in a manner similar to investment companies. Although we believe that we are properly relying on Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the 1940 Act to exempt us from regulation under the 1940 Act, this or another SEC review could eventually affect our ability to rely on such exemption or could eventually require us to change our business and operations in order for us to continue to rely on such exemption. Even if the SEC’s review of this exemption does not eventually have these effects on our business, any uncertainty created by the SEC’s current or future reviews could negatively impact our ability to raise capital, borrow money, or engage in certain other types of business transactions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, operations, and financial condition. There can be no assurance that the rules, regulations and interpretations governing the exemptions available under the 1940 Act will not change in a manner that adversely affects our operations. If we were to fail to qualify for an exemption, we could be required to restructure our activities or the activities of our subsidiaries, including effecting sales of assets in a manner that, or at a time when, we would not otherwise choose, which could negatively affect the value of our common stock, the sustainability of our business model, and our ability to make distributions. Such sales could occur during adverse market conditions, and we could be forced to accept prices below that which we believe are appropriate. The loss of our 1940 Act exclusion would also permit PRCM Advisers to terminate the management agreement, which could result in a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
Rapid changes in the values of our assets may make it more difficult for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT or our exemption from the 1940 Act.
If the market value or income potential of our assets declines as a result of increased interest rates, prepayment rates, general market conditions, government actions or other factors, we may need to increase our real estate assets and income or liquidate our non-qualifying assets to maintain our REIT qualification or our exemption from the 1940 Act. If the decline in real estate asset values or income occurs quickly, this may be especially difficult to accomplish. This difficulty may be exacerbated by the illiquid nature of any non-real estate assets we may own. We may have to make decisions that we otherwise would not make absent the REIT and 1940 Act considerations.
If we were required to register with the CFTC as a Commodity Pool Operator, it could adversely affect our business model, our financial condition and our results of operations.
Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, or CFTC, was given jurisdiction over the regulation of swaps. Under new rules implemented by the CFTC, companies that utilize swaps as part of their business model, including many mortgage REITS, are deemed to fall within the statutory definition of Commodity Pool Operator, or CPO, and, absent relief from the Division or the Commission, are required to register with the CFTC as a CPO. As a result of numerous requests for no-action relief from CPO registration, on December 7, 2012 the CFTC issued no-action relief entitled “No-Action Relief from the Commodity Pool Operator Registration Requirement for Commodity Pool Operators of Certain Pooled Investment Vehicles Organized as Mortgage Real Estate Investment Trusts,” which permits a CPO to receive relief from registration requirements by filing a claim stating that the CPO meets the criteria specified in the no-action letter. We submitted a claim for relief within the required time period and believe we meet the criteria for such relief. There can be no assurance, however, that the CFTC will not withdraw the no-action letter in the future or that we will continue to satisfy the criteria specified in the no-action letter in order to qualify for relief from CPO registration. If we were required to register as a CPO in the future or change our business model to ensure we can continue to satisfy the requirement of the no-action relief, it could impact our ability to operate our business and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The lack of liquidity of our assets may adversely affect our business, including our ability to value and sell our assets.
We have and may in the future acquire assets or other instruments that are not liquid, including securities, mortgage loans, MSR and other instruments that are not publicly traded, and market conditions could significantly and negatively affect the liquidity of our assets. It may be difficult or impossible to obtain third-party pricing on the assets that we purchase and validating third-party pricing for illiquid assets may be more subjective than more liquid assets. Illiquid assets typically experience greater price volatility, as a ready market may not exist for such assets, and such assets can be more difficult to value.
Any illiquidity of our assets may make it difficult for us to sell such assets if the need or desire arises. Our ability to quickly sell certain assets, such as mortgage loans and MSR, may be limited by delays encountered while obtaining certain regulatory approvals required for such dispositions and may be further limited by delays due to the time period needed for negotiating transaction documents, conducting diligence, and complying with regulatory requirements regarding the transfer of such assets before settlement may occur. Consequently, even if we identify a buyer for our mortgage loans and MSR, there is no assurance that we would be able to quickly sell such assets if the need or desire arises.
In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we previously recorded our assets. Assets that are illiquid are more difficult to finance, and to the extent that we use leverage to finance assets that become illiquid we may lose that leverage or have it reduced. Assets tend to become less liquid during times of financial stress, which is often the time that liquidity is most needed. As a result, our ability to sell assets or vary our portfolio in response to changes in economic and other conditions may be limited by liquidity constraints, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

16

Table of Contents



We use leverage in executing our business strategy, which may adversely affect the return on our assets and may reduce cash available for distribution to our stockholders, as well as increase losses when economic conditions are unfavorable.
We use leverage to finance many of our investments and to enhance our financial returns. Our primary source of leverage is short-term repurchase agreement financing for our Agency and Non-Agency RMBS assets and mortgage loans. Other sources of leverage may include credit facilities (including term loans, revolving facilities and FHLB advances).
Through the use of leverage, we may acquire positions with market exposure significantly greater than the amount of capital committed to the transaction. For example, by entering into repurchase agreements with advance rates, or haircut levels, of 5% (which is not an atypical haircut for Agency RMBS), we could leverage capital allocated to Agency RMBS by a ratio of as much as 20 to 1. It is not uncommon for investors in Agency RMBS to obtain leverage equal to ten or more times equity through the use of repurchase agreement financing. We anticipate that we may deploy, on a debt-to-equity basis, up to ten times leverage on our Agency RMBS assets and up to two times on our non-Agency RMBS assets. However, there is no specific limit on the amount of leverage that we may use.
Leverage will magnify both the gains and the losses of our positions. Leverage will increase our returns as long as we earn a greater return on investments purchased with borrowed funds than our cost of borrowing such funds. However, if we use leverage to acquire an asset and the value of the asset decreases, the leverage will increase our losses. Even if the asset increases in value, if the asset fails to earn a return that equals or exceeds our cost of borrowing, the leverage will decrease our returns.
We may be required to post large amounts of cash as collateral or margin to secure our leveraged positions. In the event of a sudden, precipitous drop in value of our financed assets, we might not be able to liquidate assets quickly enough to repay our borrowings, further magnifying losses. Even a small decrease in the value of a leveraged asset may require us to post additional margin or cash collateral. This may decrease the cash available to us for distributions to stockholders.
We may not be able to raise the capital required to finance our assets and grow our business.
The growth of our business may require access to debt and equity capital that may or may not be available on favorable terms or at the desired times, or at all. In addition, we invest in certain assets, including MSR, for which financing has historically been difficult to obtain. Our inability to obtain financing for our target assets could require us to seek equity or debt capital that may be more costly or unavailable to us. We cannot assure you that we will have access to any debt or equity capital on favorable terms or at the desired times, or at all. Our inability to raise such capital or obtain financing on favorable terms could materially adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, liquidity, and our ability to make distributions to stockholders.
We depend on repurchase agreements and other credit facilities to execute our business plan and our inability to access funding through these sources could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and business.
Our ability to purchase and hold assets is affected by our ability to secure repurchase agreements and other credit facilities on acceptable terms. We currently have master repurchase agreements in place with several counterparties. In the future we may enter into additional master repurchase agreements, but we can provide no assurance that lenders will be willing or able to provide us with sufficient financing through the repurchase markets or otherwise. In addition, because repurchase agreements are short-term commitments of capital, changes in conditions in the repurchase markets may make it more difficult for us to secure continued financing. During certain periods of a credit cycle, lenders may lose their ability or curtail their willingness to provide financing. If we are not able to arrange for replacement financing on acceptable terms, or if we default on our covenants or are otherwise unable to access funds under any of our master repurchase agreements, we may have to curtail our asset acquisition activities and/or dispose of assets.
It is possible that the lenders that provide us with financing could experience changes in their ability to advance funds to us, independent of our performance or the value of our assets. If major market participants exit the business, it could further adversely affect the marketability of the assets in which we invest, and this could negatively affect the value of our assets, thus reducing our net book value. Furthermore, if many of our lenders are unwilling or unable to provide us with financing, we could be forced to sell assets when prices are depressed. In January 2014 the Basel Committee announced it would loosen its leverage ratio definition for banks, which we believe may dispel any concern of increased volatility in the securities financing market in the near term. However, if the regulatory capital requirements imposed on our lenders change, they may be required to significantly increase the cost of the financing that they provide to us. Our lenders also may revise their eligibility requirements for the types of assets they are willing to finance or the terms of such financings, based on, among other factors, the regulatory environment and their management of perceived risk. Moreover, the amount of financing we receive under our repurchase agreements will be directly related to the lenders’ valuation of the assets that secure the outstanding borrowings. Typically, repurchase agreements grant the respective lender the right to reevaluate the market value of the assets that secure outstanding borrowings at any time. If a lender determines that the value of the assets has decreased, it has the right to initiate a margin call. A margin call would require us to transfer additional assets to such lender or repay a portion of the outstanding borrowings. Any such margin call could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition,

17

Table of Contents



business, liquidity and ability to make distributions to stockholders, and could cause the value of our common stock to decline. We may be forced to sell assets at significantly depressed prices to meet margin calls and to maintain adequate liquidity, which could cause us to incur losses. Moreover, to the extent that we are forced to sell assets because of changes in market conditions, other market participants may face similar pressures, which could exacerbate a difficult market environment and result in significantly greater losses on the sale of such assets. In an extreme case of market duress, a market may not exist for certain of our assets at any price.
Our inability to meet certain financial covenants related to our repurchase agreements or credit facilities could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In connection with certain of our repurchase agreements and credit facilities, we are required to maintain certain financial covenants, the most restrictive of which requires that, on any date, (i) the ratio of the our total indebtedness to our tangible net worth, on a consolidated basis, shall not be greater than a threshold established by a formula which considers the aggregate market value of certain securities owned by us divided by our adjusted gross assets; (ii) our liquidity, on a consolidated basis, shall not be less than $100,000,000 and the aggregate amount of unrestricted cash or cash equivalents held by us shall be not less than $35,000,000; and (c) our tangible net worth, on a consolidated basis, shall not be less than $1.75 billion. Compliance with these financial covenants will depend on market factors and the strength of our business and operating results. Various risks, uncertainties and events beyond our control could affect our ability to comply with the financial covenants. Failure to comply with our financial covenants could result in an event of default, termination of the repurchase facility, acceleration of all amounts owing under the repurchase facility, and gives the counterparty the right to exercise certain other remedies under the repurchase agreement, including the sale of the asset subject to repurchase at the time of default, unless we were able to negotiate a waiver. Any such waiver could be conditioned on an amendment to the repurchase facility and any related guaranty agreement on terms that may be unfavorable to us. If we are unable to negotiate a covenant waiver or replace or refinance our assets under a new repurchase facility on favorable terms or at all, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.
If a counterparty to a repurchase agreement defaults on its obligation to resell the underlying security back to us at the end of the purchase agreement term, or if the value of the underlying asset has declined as of the end of that term, or if we default on our obligations under the repurchase agreement, we will incur losses on the repurchase agreement.
When we enter into repurchase agreements, we sell the assets to lenders (i.e., repurchase agreement counterparties) and receive cash from the lenders. The lenders are obligated to resell the same assets back to us at the end of the term of the repurchase agreement. Because the cash that we receive from the lender when we initially sell the assets to the lender is less than the value of those assets (the difference being the “haircut”), if the lender defaults on its obligation to resell the same assets back to us, we would incur a loss on the repurchase agreement equal to the amount of the haircut (assuming there was no change in the value of the securities). We would also incur losses on a repurchase agreement if the value of the underlying assets has declined as of the end of the repurchase agreement term, because we would have to repurchase the assets for their initial value but would receive assets worth less than that amount. Further, if we default on our obligations under a repurchase agreement, the lender will be able to terminate the repurchase agreement and cease entering into any other repurchase agreements with us. Typically, our repurchase agreements contain cross-default provisions, so that if a default occurs under any repurchase agreement, the lender can also declare a default with respect to all other repurchase agreements they have with us. If a default occurs under any of our repurchase agreements and a lender terminates one or more of its repurchase agreements, we may need to enter into replacement repurchase agreements with different lenders. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in entering into such replacement repurchase agreements on the same terms as the repurchase agreements that were terminated or at all. Any losses that we incur on our repurchase agreements could adversely affect our earnings and thus our cash available for distribution to stockholders.
An increase in our borrowing costs relative to the interest that we receive on our leveraged assets may adversely affect our profitability and our cash available for distribution to stockholders.
As our repurchase agreements and other short-term borrowings mature, we must enter into new borrowings, find other sources of liquidity or sell assets. An increase in short-term interest rates at the time that we seek to enter into new borrowings would reduce the spread between the returns on our assets and the cost of our borrowings. This would adversely affect the returns on our assets, which might reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to stockholders.
We are highly dependent on information technology and security breaches or systems failures could significantly disrupt our business, which may, in turn, negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to pay dividends.
Our business is highly dependent on information technology. In the ordinary course of our business, we may store sensitive data, including our proprietary business information and that of our business partners, and personally identifiable information of mortgage borrowers, on our networks. The secure maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information,

18

Table of Contents



regulatory penalties, disrupt our operations, disrupt our trading activities, or damage our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and negatively affect the market price of our common stock and our ability to pay dividends to stockholders.
We enter into hedging transactions that expose us to contingent liabilities in the future, which may adversely affect our financial results or cash available for distribution to stockholders.
We engage in hedging transactions intended to hedge various risks to our portfolio, including the exposure to adverse changes in interest rates. Our hedging activity varies in scope based on, among other things, the level and volatility of interest rates, the type of assets held and other changing market conditions. Although these transactions are intended to reduce our exposure to various risks, hedging may fail to protect or could adversely affect us because, among other things:
hedging can be expensive, particularly during periods of volatile or rapidly changing interest rates;
available hedges may not correspond directly with the risks for which protection is sought;
the duration of the hedge may not match the duration of the related liability;
the amount of income that a REIT may earn from certain hedging transactions (other than through our TRSs) is limited by U.S. federal income tax provisions governing REITs;
the credit quality of a hedging counterparty may be downgraded to such an extent that it impairs our ability to sell or assign our side of the hedging transaction; and
the hedging counterparty may default on its obligation to pay.
Subject to maintaining our qualification as a REIT and satisfying the criteria for our no-action relief from the CFTC’s CPO rules, there are no current limitations on the hedging transactions that we may undertake. Our hedging transactions could require us to fund large cash payments in certain circumstances (e.g., the early termination of the hedging instrument caused by an event of default or other early termination event, or a demand by a counterparty that we make increased margin payments). Our ability to fund these obligations will depend on the liquidity of our assets and access to capital at the time. The need to fund these obligations could adversely affect our financial condition. Further, hedging transactions, which are intended to limit losses, may actually result in losses, which would adversely affect our earnings and could in turn reduce cash available for distribution to stockholders.
The Dodd-Frank Act regulates derivative transactions, including certain hedging instruments we use in our risk management activities. New rules implemented by the CFTC pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act require, among other things, that certain derivatives be cleared through a registered clearing facility and traded on a designated exchange or swap execution facility. These new regulations could increase the operational and transactional cost of derivatives contracts and affect the number and/or creditworthiness of available counterparties. Furthermore, the enforceability of agreements underlying hedging transactions may depend on compliance with applicable statutory and commodity and other regulatory requirements and, depending on the identity of the counterparty, applicable international requirements. The business failure of a hedging counterparty will most likely result in its default. Default by a hedging counterparty may result in the loss of unrealized profits and force us to cover our commitments, if any, at the then current market price. Although generally we seek to reserve the right to terminate our hedging positions, it may not always be possible to dispose of or close out a hedging position without the consent of the hedging counterparty and we may not be able to enter into an offsetting contract in order to cover our risk. We cannot assure you that a liquid secondary market will exist for hedging instruments purchased or sold, and we may be required to maintain a position until exercise or expiration, which could result in losses.
Our results may experience greater fluctuations by not electing hedge accounting treatment on our derivative instruments.
We have elected to not qualify for hedge accounting treatment under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, for our current derivative instruments. The economics of our derivative hedging transactions are not affected by this election; however, our GAAP earnings may be subject to greater fluctuations from period to period as a result of this accounting treatment for changes in fair value of certain interest rate swap agreements or for the accounting of the underlying hedged assets or liabilities in our financial statements, as it does not necessarily align with the accounting used for interest rate swap agreements.
Declines in the market values of our assets may adversely affect our periodic reported results and credit availability, which may reduce earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to stockholders.
A substantial portion of our assets are classified for accounting purposes as “available-for-sale.” Changes in the market values of those assets will be directly charged or credited to stockholders’ equity. As a result, a decline in values may reduce our book value. Moreover, if the decline in value of an available-for-sale security is other than temporary, such decline will reduce our earnings.
A decline in the market value of our assets may adversely affect us, particularly in instances where we have borrowed money based on the market value of those assets. If the market value of those assets declines, the lender may require us to post additional collateral to support the loan. If we are unable to post the additional collateral, we would have to sell the assets at a time when we might not otherwise choose to do so. A reduction in credit available may reduce our earnings and, in turn, cash available for distribution to stockholders.

19

Table of Contents



We depend on third-party service providers, including mortgage loan servicers, for a variety of services related to our business. We are, therefore, subject to the risks associated with third-party service providers.
We depend on a variety of services provided by third-party service providers related to our investments in RMBS, mortgage loans and MSR. For example, we rely on the mortgage servicers who service the mortgage loans we purchase as well as the mortgage loans underlying our RMBS and MSR assets to, among other things, collect principal and interest payments on such mortgage loans and perform loss mitigation services. Mortgage servicers and other service providers, such as trustees, bond insurance providers, due diligence vendors and document custodians, may not perform in a manner that promotes our interests.
For example, recent legislation intended to reduce or prevent foreclosures through, among other things, loan modifications may reduce the value of mortgage loans, including those underlying our RMBS and MSR assets. Mortgage servicers may be incentivized by the Federal government to pursue such loan modifications, as well as forbearance plans and other actions intended to prevent foreclosure, even if such loan modifications and other actions are not in the best interests of the beneficial owners of the mortgage loans. As a consequence of the foregoing matters, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We have limited experience acquiring and securitizing mortgage loans.
Our plans to acquire and securitize residential mortgage loans are subject to many of the same risks as those related to our other target assets, including risks related to changes in interest rates, economic factors in general, prepayment speeds, default risks and risks related to hedging strategies. However, we have limited experience in acquiring mortgage loans in the secondary market and completing securitization transactions. Our manager has hired a number of individuals with experience building mortgage loan conduit and securitization businesses and, in combination with the use of experienced outside advisors, we believe that we have sufficient experience to conduct our mortgage loan conduit and securitization programs. Nonetheless, these are new business activities for us and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue our securitization program successfully, or at all.
We may not be able to acquire residential mortgage loans.
The success of our securitization program will depend upon sourcing a large volume of desirable residential mortgage loans. We may be unable to do so for many reasons. We may be unable to locate originators that are able or willing to originate mortgage loans that meet our standards and we may not be able to source acquisitions of bulk pools of mortgage loans from originators, banks and other sellers, in either case, on terms and conditions favorable to us. Additionally, competition for mortgage loans may drive down supply or drive up prices, making it uneconomical to purchase the loans. General economic factors, such as recession, declining home values, unemployment and high interest rates, may limit the supply of available loans. As a result, we may incur additional costs to acquire a sufficient volume of mortgage loans or be unable to acquire mortgage loans at a reasonable price. If we cannot source an adequate volume of desirable loans, our securitization program may be unprofitable, and we may hold individual loans for long periods, increasing our exposure to the credit of the borrowers and requiring capital that might be better used elsewhere in our business.
The purchase of residential mortgage loans in the secondary market requires us, in some circumstances, to maintain certain licenses and failure to maintain those licenses may adversely affect our ability to acquire mortgage loans and successfully operate our securitization program.
The purchase of residential mortgage loans in the secondary market, in some circumstances, requires us to maintain certain licenses. We are required to comply with various information reporting and other regulatory requirements to maintain those licenses, and there is no assurance that we will be able to satisfy those requirements on an ongoing basis. Our failure to maintain required licenses may expose us to penalties or other claims and may affect our ability to acquire an adequate and desirable supply of mortgage loans to conduct our securitization program and, as a result, could harm our business.
Market conditions and other factors may affect our ability to securitize residential mortgage loans.
Our ability to securitize residential mortgage loans will be affected by a number of factors, including:
conditions in the securities markets, generally;
conditions in the asset-backed securities markets, specifically;
yields of our portfolio of mortgage loans;
the credit quality of our portfolio of mortgage loans; and
our ability to obtain any necessary credit enhancement.
In recent years, the asset-backed securitization markets have experienced unprecedented disruptions, and securitization volumes have decreased sharply. Recent conditions in the securitization markets have included reduced liquidity, increased risk premiums for issuers, reduced investor demand, financial distress among financial guaranty insurance providers, and a general tightening of credit. These conditions, which may increase our cost of funding, and may reduce or even eliminate our access to the securitization market, may continue or worsen in the future. As a result, these conditions may result in our inability to sell securities in the asset-backed securities market. Further, our repurchase facilities may not be adequate to fund our mortgage

20

Table of Contents



purchasing activities until such disruptions in the securitization markets subside. Further or continued disruptions in this market or any adverse change or delay in our ability to access the market could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, liquidity and results of operations. Low investor demand for asset-backed securities could force us to hold mortgage loans until investor demand improves, but our capacity to hold such mortgage loans is not unlimited. Continuing adverse market conditions could also result in increased costs and reduced margins earned in connection with our planned securitization transactions.
Our ability to execute securitizations of residential mortgage loans could be delayed, limited, or precluded by legislative and regulatory reforms applicable to asset-backed securities and the institutions that sponsor, service, rate, or otherwise participate in, or contribute to, the successful execution of a securitization transaction. Other factors could also limit, delay, or preclude our ability to execute securitization transactions. These legislative, regulatory, and other factors could also reduce the returns we would otherwise expect to earn in connection with securitization transactions.
Provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act require significant revisions to the legal and regulatory framework which apply to the asset-backed securities markets and securitizations. Some of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act have become effective or been implemented, while others are in the process of being implemented or will become effective in the future.
We cannot predict how the Dodd-Frank Act and the other regulations that have been proposed will affect our ability to execute securitizations of residential mortgage loans. For example, Section 15G of the 1934 Act, as modified by the Dodd-Frank Act, generally requires the issuer of asset-backed securities to retain not less than five percent of the credit risk of the assets collateralizing the asset-backed securities. Section 15G includes an exemption for asset-backed securities that are collateralized exclusively by residential mortgages that qualify as “qualified residential mortgages.” The Dodd-Frank Act, however, left the definition of “qualified residential mortgage” to be determined by a federal rule-making process. In March 2011, federal regulators proposed a definition for the terms, as well as other rules related to the risk retention requirements of Section 15G. On August 28, 2013, a revised definition was proposed, including broadening the exemption for securitizations of qualified residential mortgages, combining the five percent credit risk retention options into one standard risk retention option and changing the method of valuing risk retention in horizontal interests to fair value instead of par value. In addition, the valuation methodology used to obtain the five percent level of risk retention may be required to be made publicly available, which may adversely affect the desirability of securitization as an option. As of the date of this report, the definition and related rules have not been finalized.
In addition, on August 5, 2011, the SEC reproposed Regulation AB II, a substantial revision to Regulation AB and other rules regarding the offering process, disclosure and reporting for public offerings of asset-backed securities. There can be no assurance that the full implementation of the proposed rules and regulations will not have an adverse effect on our ability to perform securitizations of mortgage loans or resecuritizations of our existing RMBS.
In addition to the Dodd-Frank Act, its related rules and Regulation AB II, other federal or state laws and regulations that could affect our ability to execute securitization transactions may be proposed, enacted, or implemented. These laws and regulations could effectively preclude us from executing securitization transactions, could delay our execution of these types of transactions, or could reduce the returns we would otherwise expect to earn from executing securitization transactions.
Other matters, such as (i) accounting standards applicable to securitization transactions and (ii) capital and leverage requirements applicable to banks and other regulated financial institutions that traditionally purchase and hold asset-backed securities, could result in less investor demand for securities issued through securitization transactions we plan to execute or increased competition from other institutions that execute securitization transactions.
Our ability to profitably execute or participate in future securitizations of residential mortgage loans is dependent on numerous factors, and if we are not able to achieve our desired level of profitability or if we incur losses in connection with executing or participating in future securitizations, it could materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.
There are a number of factors that can have a significant impact on whether a securitization transaction that we execute or participate in is profitable to us or results in a loss. One of these factors is the price we pay for the mortgage loans that we securitize, which in the case of residential mortgage loans, is impacted by the level of competition in the marketplace for acquiring residential mortgage loans and the relative desirability to originators of retaining residential mortgage loans as investments or selling them to third parties such as us. Another factor that impacts the profitability of a securitization transaction is the cost to us of the short-term debt that we use to finance our holdings of mortgage loans prior to securitization, which cost is affected by a number of factors including the availability of this type of financing to us, the interest rate on this type of financing, the duration of the financing we incur, and the percentage of our mortgage loans for which third parties are willing to provide short-term financing.
After we acquire mortgage loans that we intend to securitize, we can also suffer losses if the value of those loans declines prior to securitization. For example, declines in the value of a residential mortgage loan can be due to, among other things, changes in interest rates and changes in the credit quality of the loan. To the extent we seek to hedge against a decline in loan value due to changes in interest rates, there is a cost of hedging that also affects whether a securitization is profitable. Other

21

Table of Contents



factors that can significantly affect whether a securitization transaction is profitable to us include the criteria and conditions applied by the rating agencies when they assign ratings to the mortgage-backed securities issued in our securitization transactions, including the percentage of mortgage-backed securities issued in a securitization transaction that are assigned a triple-A rating, which is also referred to as a rating agency subordination level. Rating agency subordination levels can be impacted by numerous factors, including, without limitation, the credit quality of the loans securitized, and the structure of the securitization transaction and other applicable rating agency criteria. Generally, the greater the percentage of the mortgage-backed securities issued in a securitization transaction that the rating agencies will assign a triple-A rating to, the more profitable the transaction will be to us.
The price that investors in mortgage-backed securities will pay for securities issued in our securitization transactions also has a significant impact on the profitability of the transactions to us, and these prices are impacted by numerous market forces and factors. In addition, transaction costs incurred in executing transactions impact the profitability of our securitization transactions and any liability that we may incur, or may be required to reserve for, in connection with executing a transaction can cause a loss to us. To the extent that were are not able to profitably execute future securitizations of residential mortgage loans, including for the reasons described above or for other reasons, it could materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.
Rating agencies may affect our ability to execute future securitization transactions, or may reduce the returns we would otherwise expect to earn from securitization transactions.
Rating agencies have historically played a central role in the securitization markets. Many purchasers of asset-backed securities require that a security be rated by the agencies at or above a specific grade before they will consider purchasing it. The rating agencies could adversely affect our ability to execute securitization transactions by deciding not to publish ratings for our securitization transaction, deciding not to consent to the inclusion of those ratings in the prospectuses we may file with the SEC relating to securitization transactions, or by assigning ratings that are below the thresholds investors require. Further, rating agencies could alter their ratings processes or criteria after we have accumulated loans for securitization in a manner that reduces the value of previously acquired loans or that requires us to incur additional costs to comply with those processes and criteria. Moreover, the ratings agencies have come under heavy criticism for their perceived role in the financial crisis that started in 2008, and as a result their role and business model may change in ways that adversely affect our ability to execute securitization transactions.
We will be exposed to credit risk on the residential mortgage loans we acquire and securitize and we may not be able to successfully manage those risks and mitigate our losses.
Despite our efforts to manage credit risk related to the residential mortgage loans we acquire and securitize, there are many aspects of credit risk that we cannot control. Our due diligence, underwriting, quality control and loss mitigation policies and procedures may not be effective at preventing or limiting borrower delinquencies and defaults, and the loan servicing companies that service the mortgages loans may not cooperate with our loss mitigation policies or their efforts may be ineffective. Prior to acquiring loans, we perform due diligence, including re-underwriting and compliance with applicable laws, and we rely on resources and data available to us from the seller, which may be limited. Our underwriting and due diligence efforts may not reveal matters that could lead to losses. If our underwriting process is not adequate, and we fail to detect certain loan defects or compliance issues related to origination or servicing, we may incur losses. We could also incur losses if a counterparty that sold us a loan is unwilling or unable (e.g., due to its financial condition) to repurchase that loan or asset or pay damages to us if we determine subsequent to purchase that one or more of the representations or warranties made to us in connection with the sale was inaccurate. As a result, we could incur losses that would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Our past and future securitization activities expose us to an increased risk of litigation, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Through certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we have in the past engaged in securitization transactions relating to residential mortgage loans. In the future, we expect to continue to engage in securitization transactions involving residential mortgage loans.
When engaging in securitization transactions, we prepare disclosure documentation, including term sheets and offering memorandums, which include disclosures regarding the securitization transactions and the assets being securitized. If our disclosure documentation is alleged or found to contain inaccuracies or omissions, we may be liable under federal securities laws, state securities laws or other applicable laws for damages to third parties that invest in these securitization transactions, including in circumstances in which we relied on a third party in preparing accurate disclosures, or we may incur other expenses and costs in connection with disputing these allegations or settling claims. We may also sell or contribute residential mortgage loans to third parties who, in turn, securitize those loans. In these circumstances, we may also prepare disclosure documentation, including documentation that is included in term sheets and offering memorandums relating to those securitization transactions. We could be liable under federal securities laws, state securities laws, or other applicable laws for damages to third parties that invest in these securitization transactions, including liability for disclosures prepared by third parties or with respect to loans that we did not sell or contribute to the securitization.

22

Table of Contents



In recent years, there has also been debate as to whether there are defects in the legal process and legal documents governing transactions in which securitization trusts and other secondary purchasers take legal ownership of residential mortgage loans and establish their rights as first priority lien holders on underlying mortgaged property. To the extent there are problems with the manner in which title and lien priority rights were established or transferred, securitization transactions that we sponsored and third-party sponsored securitizations that we hold investments in, we may experience losses.
Defending a lawsuit can consume significant resources and may divert management’s attention from our operations. We may be required to establish reserves for potential losses from litigation, which could be material. To the extent we are unsuccessful in our defense of any lawsuit, we could suffer losses which could be in excess of any reserves established relating to that lawsuit and these losses could be material.
We may be subject to counterparty exposure risk in connection with our plans to securitize residential mortgage loans and acquire MSR and this risk could adversely affect our ability to operate profitably.
When engaging in securitization transactions and MSR acquisitions, we may be required to make representations and warranties to the purchasers of the underlying residential mortgage loans regarding, among other things, certain characteristics of those mortgage loans. If our representations and warranties are inaccurate, we may be obligated to repurchase certain mortgage loans, which may result in a loss. Even if we obtain representations and warranties from the loan originator or other parties from whom we acquired the mortgage loans or MSR, as applicable, they may not correspond with the representations and warranties we make or may otherwise not protect us from losses. For example, if representations and warranties we obtain from those parties do not exactly align with the representations and warranties we make, or if the representations and warranties made to us are not enforceable or if we cannot collect damages for a breach (e.g., due to the financial condition of the party that made the representation or warranty to us), we may incur losses.
We may be subject to fines or other penalties based on the conduct of the mortgage loan originators and brokers that originated the residential mortgage loans that we subsequently acquire, and the third-party servicers who service the loans underlying the MSR we acquire.
Mortgage loan originators and brokers are subject to strict and evolving consumer protection laws and other legal obligations with respect to the origination of residential mortgage loans. These laws and regulations include the CFPB’s “ability-to-repay” and “qualified mortgage” regulations, which became effective on January 10, 2014. In addition, there are various other federal, state, and local laws and regulations that are intended to discourage predatory lending practices by residential mortgage loan originators. For example, the federal Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994, or HOEPA, requires lenders to make certain disclosures and comply with certain limitations with respect to loans that are considered to be “high cost” loans. These requirements, as well as certain standards set forth in the “ability-to-repay” and “qualified mortgage” regulations, may be highly subjective and open to interpretation. As a result, a court may determine that a residential mortgage loan did not meet an applicable standard or test even if the mortgage loan originator reasonably believed such standard or test had been satisfied. Failure or alleged failure of residential mortgage loan originators to comply with these laws and regulations could subject us, as an assignee or purchaser of these loans or as an investor in MSR or securities backed by these loans, to delays in foreclosure proceedings, increased litigation expenses, monetary penalties and defenses to foreclosure, including by recoupment or setoff of finance charges and fees collected, and in some cases could also result in rescission of the affected residential mortgage loans, which could adversely impact our business and financial results.
The final servicing rules promulgated by the CFPB to implement certain sections of Dodd-Frank, which became effective on January 10, 2014, include provisions relating to periodic billing statements and disclosures, responding to borrower inquiries and complaints, force-placed insurance, and adjustable rate mortgage interest rate adjustment notices. Further, the mortgage servicing rules require servicers to, among other things, make good faith early intervention efforts to notify delinquent borrowers of loss mitigation options, to implement specified loss mitigation procedures, and if feasible, exhaust all loss mitigation options before proceeding to foreclosure.
While some of these laws may not explicitly hold us responsible for the legal violations of these third parties, federal and state agencies and private litigants have increasingly sought to impose such liability. In addition, various regulators and plaintiffs’ lawyers have sought to hold assignees of mortgage loans liable for the alleged violations of the originating lender under theories of express or implied assignee liability. Further, it is possible that a third-party servicer’s failure to comply with the new servicing protocols could adversely affect the value of our MSR. Accordingly, we may be subject to fines, penalties or civil liability based upon the conduct of the mortgage lenders that originated the mortgage loans we hold and the third-party servicers who service the loans for which we own the MSR.

23

Table of Contents



The expansion of our business into investments in MSR may expose us to additional risks.
Our acquisition of a company that holds approvals from certain government-related entities, including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae, and our investments in MSR may subject us to risks related to its assets and operations, including the following:
We have limited experience acquiring MSR and operating a company with such approvals. While ownership of MSR and operation of such a subsidiary company includes many of the same risks as our other target assets, including risks related to prepayments, borrower credit, defaults, interest rates, hedging, and regulatory changes, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to successfully operate the subsidiary and integrate it into our business operations.
Our subsidiary’s continued approval by the government-related entities is subject to compliance with each of their respective selling and servicing guidelines, minimum capital requirements and other conditions they may impose from time to time at their discretion. Failure to meet such guidelines and conditions could result in the unilateral termination of our subsidiary’s approved status by one or more government-related entities.
We are dependent on third-party mortgage originators to originate mortgage loans that comply with applicable law and the guidelines and requirements of the government-related entities and on third-party mortgage servicers to perform the actual day-to-day servicing obligations on the mortgage loans underlying the MSR. The value of our MSR could be materially and adversely affected if the loan was not originated in accordance with applicable requirements or the third-party servicer is unable to adequately service the underlying mortgage loans in accordance with applicable laws, regulations, government-related entity requirements and generally accepted servicing practices.
The mortgage servicing business is heavily regulated, including by the CFPB. Our failure or alleged failure, or the failure or alleged failure of the third-party mortgage servicers with whom we contract, to comply with applicable regulations could subject us to substantial monetary penalties and costs related to responding to regulatory inquiries and investigations, court proceedings and litigation.
Changes in minimum servicing fee amounts for loans purchased or guaranteed by government-related entities could occur at any time and could negatively impact the value of the income derived from MSR on new origination that we may acquire in the future under our flow agreements or through bulk transactions.
Investments in MSR are highly illiquid and subject to numerous restrictions on transfer and, as a result, there is risk that we would be unable to locate a willing buyer to purchase the MSR on favorable terms or get approval from the owner of the mortgage loans to sell MSR in the future.
If we are not able to successfully manage these and other risks related to investing and managing MSR, it may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related To Our Assets
We may not realize gains or income from our assets.
We seek to generate current income and capital appreciation for our stockholders. However, the assets that we acquire may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Additionally, the securities and mortgage loans that we acquire may experience defaults of interest and/or principal payments, which could result in significant losses related to such assets. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains or income from our assets. Any gains that we do realize may not be sufficient to offset other losses that we experience. Any income that we realize may not be sufficient to offset our expenses.
Changes in mortgage prepayment rates may adversely affect the value of our assets.
The value of our assets is affected by prepayment rates on mortgage loans, and our investment strategy includes making investments based on our expectations regarding prepayment rates. A prepayment rate is the measurement of how quickly borrowers pay down the unpaid principal balance of their loans or how quickly loans are otherwise brought current, modified, liquidated or charged off.
With respect to our RMBS portfolio, typically the value of a mortgage-backed security includes market assumptions regarding the speed at which the underlying mortgages will be prepaid. Faster than expected prepayments could adversely affect our profitability, including in the following ways:
We may purchase RMBS that have a higher interest rate than the market interest rate at the time. In exchange for this higher interest rate, we may pay a premium over the par value to acquire the security. In accordance with GAAP, we may amortize this premium over the estimated term of the RMBS. If the RMBS is prepaid in whole or in part prior to its maturity date, however, we may be required to expense the premium that was prepaid at the time of the prepayment.

24

Table of Contents



A substantial portion of our adjustable-rate RMBS may bear interest rates that are lower than their fully indexed rates, which are equivalent to the applicable index rate plus a margin. If an adjustable-rate RMBS is prepaid prior to or soon after the time of adjustment to a fully-indexed rate, we will have held that RMBS while it was least profitable and lost the opportunity to receive interest at the fully indexed rate over the remainder of its expected life.
If we are unable to acquire new RMBS similar to the prepaid RMBS, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would suffer.
Prepayment rates also significantly affect the value of MSR because such rights are priced on an assumption of a stable repayment rate. If the prepayment rate is significantly greater than expected, the fair value of the MSR could decline and we may be required to record a non-cash charge, which would have a negative impact on our financial results. Furthermore, a significant increase in the prepayment rate could materially reduce the ultimate cash flows we receive from MSR, and we could ultimately receive substantially less than what we paid for such assets. Prepayment rates may also affect the fair value, cash flow and earnings on the mortgage loans held on our balance sheet.
Prepayment rates may be affected by a number of factors including the availability of mortgage credit, the relative economic vitality of the area in which the related properties are located, the average remaining life of the loans, the average size of the remaining loans, the servicing of the mortgage loans, possible changes in tax laws, other opportunities for investment, homeowner mobility and other economic, social, geographic, demographic and legal factors. Consequently, such prepayment rates cannot be predicted with any certainty. In making investment decisions, we depend on certain assumptions based upon historical trends with respect to the relationship between interest rates and prepayments under normal market conditions. If the recent dislocations in the residential mortgage market or other developments change the way that prepayment trends have historically responded to interest rate changes, our ability to (1) assess the market value of target assets, (2) implement hedging strategies and (3) implement techniques to hedge prepayment risks would be significantly affected, which could materially adversely affect our financial position and results of operations. If we make erroneous assumptions regarding prepayment rates, we may experience significant investment losses.
A prolonged economic slowdown, a lengthy or severe recession or declining real estate values could impair our assets and harm our operations.
The risks associated with our business are more severe during periods of economic slowdown or recession, especially if these periods are accompanied by declining real estate values. The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by a residential property typically is dependent upon the income or assets of the borrower. During an economic slowdown, unemployment rises and increasing numbers of borrowers have difficulty in making payments on their debts, including on mortgage loans. When a recession is combined with declining real estate values, as was the case in the recession that started in 2008, defaults on mortgages may increase dramatically.
Owners of Agency RMBS are protected from the risk of default on the underlying mortgages by guarantees from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac or, in the case of the Ginnie Mae, the U.S. Government. However, we also acquire non-Agency RMBS, which are backed by residential real property but, in contrast to Agency RMBS, the principal and interest payments are not guaranteed by GSEs or the U.S. Government. Our non-Agency RMBS investments are therefore particularly sensitive to recessions and declining real estate values.
In the event of a default on a mortgage loan that we hold in our portfolio or a mortgage loan underlying a non-Agency RMBS in our portfolio, we bear the risk of loss as a result of the potential deficiency between the value of the collateral and the debt owed on the mortgage, as well as the costs and delays of foreclosure or other remedies, and the costs of maintaining and ultimately selling a property after foreclosure. Delinquencies and defaults on mortgage loans for which we own the servicing rights will adversely affect the amount of servicing fee income we receive and may result in increased servicing costs and operational risks due to the increased complexity of servicing delinquent and defaulted mortgage loans. If an investor in the mortgage loans for which we own the servicing rights determines that the rate of delinquencies or defaults for the loans it owns is unacceptable, we bear the risk of losing the right to service the related mortgage loans which could adversely affect our revenues, business prospects and financial condition.
Any sustained period of increased payment delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures or losses on our non-Agency RMBS, mortgage loans, or mortgage loans for which we own the servicing rights could adversely affect our revenues, results of operations, financial condition, business prospects and ability to make distributions to stockholders.
We acquire RMBS collateralized by subprime mortgage loans, which are subject to increased risks.
Among other assets, we acquire RMBS backed by collateral pools of subprime mortgage loans, which are mortgage loans that have been originated using underwriting standards that are less conservative than those used in underwriting prime mortgage loans (mortgage loans that generally conform to GSE underwriting guidelines) and Alt-A mortgage loans (mortgage loans made to borrowers whose qualifying mortgage characteristics do not conform to GSE underwriting guidelines and generally allow homeowners to qualify for a mortgage loan with reduced or alternate forms of documentation). These lower standards include mortgage loans made to borrowers having imperfect or impaired credit histories, mortgage loans where the amount of the loan at origination is 80% or more of the value of the mortgage property, mortgage loans made to borrowers with

25

Table of Contents



low credit scores, mortgage loans made to borrowers who have other debt that represents a large portion of their income and mortgage loans made to borrowers whose income is not required to be disclosed or verified. Due to economic conditions, including increased interest rates and lower home prices, as well as aggressive lending practices, subprime mortgage loans have in recent periods experienced increased rates of delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and loss, and they are likely to continue to experience delinquency, foreclosure, bankruptcy and loss rates that may be substantially higher, than those experienced by mortgage loans underwritten in a more traditional manner. In acquiring these assets, we endeavor to factor the risk of losses on the underlying mortgages into the purchase price of the asset. If we underestimate those losses, however, the performance of RMBS backed by subprime mortgage loans that we acquire could be adversely affected, which could adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and business.
Our portfolio of assets may be concentrated in terms of credit risk.
Although as a general policy we seek to acquire and hold a diverse portfolio of assets, we are not required to observe specific diversification criteria, except as may be set forth in the investment guidelines adopted by our board of directors. Therefore, our asset portfolio may at times be concentrated in certain property types that are subject to higher risk of foreclosure, or secured by properties concentrated in a limited number of geographic locations. To the extent that our portfolio is concentrated in any one region or type of asset, downturns relating generally to such region or type of asset may result in defaults on a number of our assets within a short time period, which may reduce our net income and the value of our shares and accordingly reduce our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders. The portfolio may contain other concentrations of risk, and we may fail to identify, detect or hedge against those risks, resulting in large or unexpected losses.
Our subordinated RMBS assets may be in the “first loss” position, subjecting us to greater risk of losses.
We invest in certain tranches of RMBS that are only entitled to a portion of the principal and interest payments made on mortgage loans underlying the securities issued by the trust. In general, losses on a mortgage loan included in such a trust will be borne first by the equity holder of the issuing trust, and then by the “first loss” subordinated security holder and then by the “second loss” mezzanine holder. We may acquire securities at every level of such a trust, from the equity holder to the most senior tranche. In the event of default and the exhaustion of any classes of securities junior to those which we acquire, our securities will suffer losses as well. In addition, if we overvalue the underlying mortgage portfolio, or if the values subsequently decline and, as a result, less collateral is available to satisfy interest and principal payments due on the related RMBS, the securities which we acquire may effectively become the “first loss” position behind the more senior securities, which may result in significant losses. The prices of lower credit quality securities are generally less sensitive to interest rate changes than more highly rated securities, but more sensitive to adverse economic downturns or individual issuer developments. A projection of an economic downturn could cause a decline in the value of lower credit quality securities because the ability of obligors of mortgages underlying RMBS to make principal and interest payments may be impaired. In such event, existing credit support in the securitization structure may be insufficient to protect us against loss of our principal on these securities.
Increases in interest rates could adversely affect the value of our assets and cause our interest expense to increase, which could result in reduced earnings or losses and negatively affect our profitability as well as the cash available for distribution to stockholders.
Our operating results will depend in large part on the difference between the income from our assets, net of credit losses, and financing costs. We anticipate that, in many cases, the income from our assets will respond more slowly to interest rate fluctuations than the cost of our borrowings. Consequently, changes in interest rates, particularly short-term interest rates, may significantly influence our financial results.
Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations and other factors beyond our control. Interest rate fluctuations present a variety of risks, including the risk of a narrowing of the difference between asset yields and borrowing rates, flattening or inversion of the yield curve and fluctuating prepayment rates.
In a normal yield curve environment, fixed income assets, including many RMBS, decline in value if interest rates increase. If long-term rates increased significantly, not only will the market value of these assets be expected to decline, but the duration and weighted-average life of the assets could increase as well because borrowers are less likely to prepay mortgages. Further, an increase in short-term interest rates would increase the rate of interest payable on any repurchase agreements required to finance these securities.
We endeavor to hedge our exposure to changes in interest rates, but there can be no assurances that our hedges will be successful, or that we will be able to enter into or maintain such hedges. As a result, interest rate fluctuations can cause significant losses, reductions in income, and limitations on our cash available for distribution to stockholders.
An increase in interest rates may cause a decrease in the volume of certain of our target assets, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire target assets that satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends.
Rising interest rates generally reduce the demand for mortgage loans due to the higher cost of borrowing. A reduction in the volume of mortgage loans originated may affect the volume of target assets available to us, which could adversely affect our ability to acquire assets that satisfy our investment and business objectives. Rising interest rates may also cause our target

26

Table of Contents



assets that were issued prior to an interest rate increase to provide yields that are below prevailing market interest rates. If rising interest rates cause us to be unable to acquire a sufficient volume of our target assets with a yield that is above our borrowing cost, our ability to satisfy our investment objectives and to generate income and pay dividends may be materially and adversely affected.
The assets in our portfolio are recorded at fair value, but there may be substantial uncertainty as to the value of certain assets.
Some of the assets in our portfolio are not publicly traded. The fair value of securities and other assets that are not publicly traded may not be readily determinable. We value these assets quarterly at fair value, as determined in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, which may include unobservable inputs. Because such valuations are subjective, the fair value of certain of our assets may fluctuate over short periods of time and our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. The value of our common stock could be adversely affected if our determinations regarding the fair value of these assets are materially higher than the values that we ultimately realize upon their disposal.
Any MSR we acquire are recorded at fair value on our balance sheet based upon significant estimates and assumptions. The determination of the fair value of MSR requires our management to make numerous estimates and assumptions. Such estimates and assumptions include, without limitation, estimates of future cash flows associated with MSR based upon assumptions involving interest rates as well as the prepayment rates, delinquencies and foreclosure rates of the underlying mortgage loans. The ultimate realization of the value of MSR may be materially different than the fair values of such MSR as may be reflected in our consolidated balance sheet as of any particular date. The use of different estimates or assumptions in connection with the valuation of these assets could produce materially different fair values for such assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Accordingly, there may be material uncertainty about the fair value of any MSR we acquire.
Mortgage loan modification programs and future legislative action may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, the assets that we acquire.
The U.S. Government, through the Federal Reserve, the Federal Housing Administration, or FHA, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, has implemented a number of programs designed to provide homeowners with assistance in avoiding residential mortgage loan foreclosures, including HAMP, which seeks to provide relief to homeowners whose mortgages are in foreclosure, and HARP, which allows certain borrowers who are underwater in their mortgage but current on their mortgage payments to refinance their loans. These programs and other loss mitigation programs may involve, among other things, the modification or refinancing of mortgage loans to reduce the principal amount of the loans, reduction in the rate of interest payable on the loans, and extend the payment terms of the loans. Loan modifications may lead to fewer foreclosures and reduce the losses on non-Agency RMBS arising from foreclosures. However, loan modifications and refinancings may also result in significant reductions in cash flows to the holders of the RMBS and a reduction in the value of a mortgage servicing right since this value is related to the principal balance of the modified mortgage loan. We attempt to factor in the likelihood and potential consequences of loan modification and refinancing programs in making our investment decisions; however, we cannot assure you that our analysis will be correct. As a result, loan modification and refinancing programs, as well as future legislative or regulatory actions that result in the modification or refinancing of outstanding mortgage loans, may adversely affect the value of, and the returns on, our assets.
The value of our RMBS, mortgage loans and MSR may be adversely affected by deficiencies in servicing and foreclosure practices, as well as related delays in the foreclosure process.
Allegations of deficiencies in servicing and foreclosure practices among several large sellers and servicers of residential mortgage loans that initially surfaced in 2010 raised various concerns relating to such practices, including the improper execution of the documents used in foreclosure proceedings (so-called “robo signing”), inadequate documentation of transfers and registrations of mortgages and assignments of loans, improper modifications of loans, violations of representations and warranties at the date of securitization and failure to enforce put-backs.
 As a result of alleged deficiencies in foreclosure practices, a number of servicers temporarily suspended foreclosure proceedings beginning in the second half of 2010 while they evaluated their foreclosure practices. In late 2010, a group of state attorneys general and state bank and mortgage regulators representing nearly all 50 states and the District of Columbia, along with the U.S. Justice Department and the Department of Housing and Urban Development, began an investigation into foreclosure practices of banks and servicers. These investigations and lawsuits ultimately lead to, among other things, a settlement involving servicing and foreclosure practices entered into between the federal bank regulators and 14 servicers in April 2011 and a settlement agreement in February 2012 with five of the nation’s largest banks, pursuant to which the banks agreed to pay more than $25 billion to settle claims relating to improper foreclosure practices. These settlements do not prohibit the states, the federal government, individuals or investors in RMBS from pursuing additional actions against the banks and servicers in the future.

27

Table of Contents



 The integrity of the servicing and foreclosure processes is critical to the value of the mortgage loan portfolios underlying our RMBS and the mortgage loans and MSR we purchase, and our financial results could be adversely affected by deficiencies in the conduct of those processes. For example, delays in the foreclosure process that have resulted from investigations into improper servicing practices may adversely affect the values of, and our losses on, our mortgage-related assets. Foreclosure delays may also increase the administrative expenses of the securitization trusts for the non-Agency RMBS, thereby reducing the amount of funds available for distribution to investors. In addition, the subordinate classes of securities issued by the securitization trusts may continue to receive interest payments while the defaulted loans remain in the trusts, rather than absorbing the default losses. This may reduce the amount of credit support available for the senior classes we own, thus possibly adversely affecting these securities. Additionally, a substantial portion of the $25 billion settlement is intended to be a “credit” to borrowers for principal write-downs and reductions in connection with their existing mortgage loans. There remains considerable uncertainty as to how these principal reductions will work and what effect they will have on the value of related RMBS, mortgage loans and MSR. As a result, there can be no assurance that any such principal reductions will not adversely affect the value of our assets.
While we believe that the sellers and servicers would be in violation of their servicing contracts to the extent that they have improperly serviced mortgage loans or improperly executed documents in foreclosure or bankruptcy proceedings, or do not comply with the terms of servicing contracts when deciding whether to apply principal reductions, it may be difficult, expensive, and time consuming for us to enforce our contractual rights. We continue to monitor and review the issues raised by the alleged improper foreclosure practices. While we cannot predict exactly how the servicing and foreclosure matters or any resulting litigation or settlement agreements will affect our business, there can be no assurance that these matters will not have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
Proposals to acquire mortgage loans by eminent domain may adversely affect the value of our assets.
Local governments have taken steps to consider how the power of eminent domain could be used to acquire residential mortgage loans and there can be no certainty whether any mortgage loans sought to be purchased will be mortgage loans held in securitization trusts and what purchase price would be paid for any such mortgage loans. Any such actions could have a material adverse effect on the market value of our RMBS, mortgage loans and MSR. There is also no certainty as to whether any such action without the consent of investors would face legal challenge, and, if so, the outcome of any such challenge.

Risks Related to our Management and Relationship with PRCM Advisers and Pine River
We are dependent on PRCM Advisers and Pine River and may not find a suitable replacement if we or PRCM Advisers terminates the management agreement.
We have no employees. Instead, we are completely reliant on the employees provided to us by PRCM Advisers, which has significant discretion as to the implementation and execution of our business strategies and risk management practices. PRCM Advisers may not have sufficient access to Pine River’s employees, systems and facilities in order to comply with its obligations under the management agreement. We are also subject to the risk that PRCM Advisers will terminate the management agreement and that no suitable replacement will be found.
The current term of the management agreement expires on October 28, 2014 and will automatically renew for successive one-year terms unless terminated by us or PRCM Advisers as set forth in the management agreement. If the management agreement is terminated and no suitable replacement is found to manage Two Harbors, we may not be able to continue to execute our business plan.
We will have no recourse to Pine River if it does not fulfill its obligations under the shared facilities and services agreement.
Neither we nor PRCM Advisers has any employees, and PRCM Advisers does not have separate facilities. As a result, PRCM Advisers has entered into a shared facilities and services agreement with Pine River pursuant to which PRCM Advisers is provided with the personnel, services and resources necessary for PRCM Advisers to perform its obligations and responsibilities under the management agreement in exchange for certain amounts payable by PRCM Advisers. Because we are not a party to the shared facilities and services agreement, we will not have any recourse to Pine River if it does not fulfill its obligations under the shared facilities and services agreement, or if Pine River and PRCM Advisers choose to amend or terminate the shared facilities and services agreement.
There are conflicts of interest in our relationship with Pine River and its affiliates, including PRCM Advisers, which could result in decisions that are not in the best interests of our stockholders.
We are subject to conflicts of interest arising out of our relationship with Pine River and its affiliates, including PRCM Advisers. PRCM Advisers is wholly-owned by Pine River. Each of Brian Taylor (the Chairman of our board of directors), Thomas Siering (a director, and our Chief Executive Officer and President), and Bill Roth (our Chief Investment Officer) is a partner and owner of equity interests in Pine River. All of our other executive officers are employees or partners of Pine River. In addition, Mark D. Ein (the non-executive Vice Chairman of our board of directors) owns an interest in CLA Founders LLC, which, in consideration for services to be provided to PRCM Advisers under a sub-management agreement, is entitled to receive a percentage of the management fee earned by PRCM Advisers, and an affiliate of his is an investor in a private fund

28

Table of Contents



for which Pine River serves as investment manager. As a result, the management agreement with PRCM Advisers was negotiated between related parties, and its terms, including fees payable to PRCM Advisers, may not be as favorable to us as if they had been negotiated with an unaffiliated third party. In addition, we may choose not to enforce, or to enforce less vigorously, our rights under the management agreement because of our desire to maintain our ongoing relationship with PRCM Advisers.
The management agreement with PRCM Advisers does not prevent PRCM Advisers and its affiliates from engaging in additional management or investment opportunities. Pine River and its affiliates, including PRCM Advisers, engage in additional management or investment opportunities that have overlapping objectives with us, and thus face conflicts in the allocation of resources between us, any other funds they manage and for their own accounts. Additionally, the ability of PRCM Advisers, Pine River and the officers and employees providing services to Two Harbors under the management agreement to engage in other business activities reduces the time PRCM Advisers spends managing Two Harbors. While there are a number of employees of Pine River who allocate 100% of their time to Two Harbors, certain of our executive officers and employees who provide services to Two Harbors allocate some, or a material portion, of their time to other businesses and activities of Pine River. Under the management agreement, none of these individuals is required to devote a specific amount of time to Two Harbors’ affairs. Accordingly, we compete with Pine River, its existing funds, investment vehicles, other ventures and possibly other entities in the future for the time and attention of these officers and other personnel.
We may enter into additional transactions with Pine River or its affiliates. In particular, we may purchase assets from Pine River or its affiliates or make co-purchases alongside Pine River or its affiliates. These transactions may not be the result of arm’s length negotiations and may involve conflicts between our interests and the interests of Pine River and/or its affiliates. There can be no assurance that any procedural protections will be sufficient to assure that these transactions will be made on terms that will be at least as favorable to us as those that would have been obtained in an arm’s length transaction.
We compete with current and future investment entities affiliated with Pine River for access to certain of the benefits that our relationship with Pine River provides to us, including access to investment opportunities.
There may be conflicts of interest in allocating investment opportunities among Two Harbors and other funds, investment vehicles and ventures managed by Pine River. There is a significant overlap in the assets and investment strategies of Two Harbors and Pine River’s private funds, and additional areas of overlap may develop in the future. Although PRCM Advisers and Pine River have a dedicated team of trading and investment personnel to serve Two Harbors full-time, in some cases certain personnel may provide services to both entities. Additionally, there are other members of the Pine River investment team that are dedicated full-time to other Pine River strategies and clients and, therefore, do not devote any of their time to Two Harbors and its trading activities. Pine River and its affiliates may in the future form additional funds or sponsor additional investment vehicles and ventures that have overlapping objectives with Two Harbors and therefore may compete with us for investment opportunities and Pine River resources. Pine River has an allocation policy that addresses the manner in which investment opportunities are allocated among the various entities and strategies for which they provide investment management services. However, we cannot assure you that Pine River and PRCM Advisers will always allocate every investment opportunity in a manner that is advantageous for us; indeed, we may expect that the allocation of investment opportunities will at times result in our receiving only a portion of, or none of, certain investment opportunities.
The loss of our access to Pine River’s investment professionals and principals may adversely affect our ability to achieve our investment objectives.
We depend on PRCM Advisers’ access, through a shared facilities and services agreement, to the investment professionals and principals of Pine River and the information opportunities generated by Pine River’s investment professionals and principals during the normal course of their investment and portfolio management activities. These investment professionals and principals evaluate, negotiate, structure, close and monitor our investments and our financing activities and we depend on their continued service. The departure of a significant number of the investment professionals or principals of Pine River could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objectives. Certain Pine River investment personnel and principals are dedicated to strategies and clients other than Two Harbors and, as a result, Two Harbors will not benefit from the investment opportunities they generate. Further, we cannot assure you that PRCM Advisers will remain as Two Harbors’ manager or that we will continue to have access to Pine River’s investment professionals or principals or its information and asset origination opportunities.
Our board of directors has approved very broad investment guidelines for Two Harbors and will not review or approve each investment decision made by PRCM Advisers.
Our board of directors periodically reviews and updates our investment guidelines and also reviews our investment portfolio but does not review or approve specific investments. PRCM Advisers has great latitude within the broad parameters of the investment guidelines set by our board of directors in determining our investments and investment strategies, which could result in investment returns that are substantially below expectations or that result in material losses.

29

Table of Contents



The manner of determining the management fee may not provide sufficient incentive to PRCM Advisers to maximize risk-adjusted returns on our investment portfolio because it is based on our stockholders’ equity and not on our financial performance.
PRCM Advisers is entitled to receive a management fee that is based on our stockholders’ equity at the end of each quarter, regardless of our financial performance. Accordingly, significant management fees will be payable to PRCM Advisers even if we have a net loss during a quarter. PRCM Advisers’ right to such compensation may not provide sufficient incentive to PRCM Advisers to devote sufficient time and effort to maximize risk-adjusted returns on our investment portfolio, which could, in turn, adversely affect our financial results. Further, the management fee structure gives PRCM Advisers the incentive to maximize stockholders’ equity by the issuance of new common stock or the retention of existing equity, regardless of the effect of these actions on existing stockholders. In other words, the management fee structure rewards PRCM Advisers primarily based on the size of Two Harbors, and not on our returns to stockholders.
Termination of the management agreement may be difficult and costly, which may adversely affect our inclination to end our relationship with PRCM Advisers.
Termination of the management agreement with PRCM Advisers without cause is difficult and costly. We have the right to terminate for cause; however, the term “cause” is limited to certain specifically described circumstances. In the absence of cause, we may only terminate it after October 28, 2014, upon the vote of at least two-thirds of all of our independent directors or by a vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Additionally, upon a termination by Two Harbors without cause (or upon a termination by PRCM Advisers due to our material breach), the management agreement requires us to pay PRCM Advisers a termination payment equal to three times the sum of the average annual base management fee received by PRCM Advisers during the 24-month period before such termination, calculated as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal quarter. This provision increases the effective cost to us of terminating our relationship with PRCM Advisers, even if we believe that PRCM Advisers’ performance is not satisfactory.
The liability of PRCM Advisers and Pine River is limited under the management agreement, and we have agreed to indemnify PRCM Advisers and its affiliates and advisers, including Pine River, against certain liabilities. As a result, we could experience poor performance or losses for which PRCM Advisers and Pine River would not be liable.
Pursuant to the management agreement, PRCM Advisers does not assume any responsibility other than to render the services called for thereunder and will not be responsible for any action of our board of directors in following or declining to follow its advice or recommendations. PRCM Advisers and its officers, stockholders, members, managers, personnel and directors, any person controlling or controlled by PRCM Advisers and any person providing sub-advisory services to PRCM Advisers will not be liable to Two Harbors, any of our subsidiaries, any of our directors, stockholders or partners or any subsidiary’s stockholders, members or partners for acts or omissions performed in accordance with or pursuant to the management agreement, except by reason of acts constituting reckless disregard of PRCM Advisers’ duties under the management agreement which has a material adverse effect on Two Harbors, willful misconduct or gross negligence, as determined by a final non-appealable order of a court of competent jurisdiction. We have agreed to indemnify PRCM Advisers and its affiliates and sub-advisers, including Pine River, with respect to all expenses, losses, damages, liabilities, demands, charges and claims arising from acts or omissions of such indemnified parties not constituting reckless disregard of PRCM Advisers’ duties under the management agreement which has a material adverse effect on Two Harbors, willful misconduct or gross negligence. As a result, if we experience poor performance or losses, PRCM Advisers would not be liable.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.
Certain provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law, or MGCL, may have the effect of deterring a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or of impeding a change in control under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market price of such shares.
We are subject to the “business combination” provisions of the MGCL that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations (including a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities) between our company and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of our then outstanding voting stock or an affiliate or associate of our company who, at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of our then outstanding stock) or an affiliate thereof for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between our company and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of at least (1) 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of outstanding shares of our voting stock; and (2) two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of voting stock of the corporation other than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the business combination is to be effected or held by an affiliate or associate of the interested

30

Table of Contents



stockholder. These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if our common stockholders receive a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. These provisions of the MGCL do not apply to business combinations that are approved or exempted by a board of directors prior to the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Pursuant to the statute, our board of directors has by resolution exempted business combinations (1) between our company and any person, provided that such business combination is first approved by our board of directors (including a majority of our directors who are not affiliates or associates of such person) and (2) between our company and Pine River or its affiliates. Consequently, the five-year prohibition and the super-majority vote requirements will not apply to any business combination between our company and any person if such combination is approved in accordance with the foregoing procedures. As a result, any person, including Pine River, may be able to enter into business combinations with Two Harbors that may not be in the best interests of our stockholders, without compliance with the super-majority vote requirements and the other provisions of the statute.
The “control share” provisions of the MGCL provide that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation (defined as voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquirer or in respect of which the acquirer is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquirer to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding votes entitled to be cast by the acquirer of control shares, our officers and employees who are also our directors. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock. There can be no assurance that this provision will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future.
The “unsolicited takeover” provisions of the MGCL (Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL) permit our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement takeover defenses, some of which (for example, a classified board) we do not currently have. These provisions may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making an acquisition proposal for our company or of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company under circumstances that otherwise could provide the holders of shares of our common stock with the opportunity to realize a premium over the then current market price. Our charter contains a provision whereby our company has elected to be subject to the provisions of Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL relating to the filling of vacancies on its board of directors.
Our authorized but unissued shares of common and preferred stock and the ownership limitations contained in our charter may prevent a change in control.
Our charter authorizes Two Harbors to issue additional authorized but unissued shares of common or preferred stock. In addition, our board of directors may, with the approval of a majority of the entire board and without stockholder approval, amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of our stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that Two Harbors has the authority to issue and classify or reclassify any unissued shares of common or preferred stock and set the terms of the classified or reclassified shares. As a result, our board may establish a series of shares of common or preferred stock that could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might involve a premium price for shares of our common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of stockholders.
In addition, our charter contains restrictions limiting the ownership and transfer of shares of our common stock and other outstanding shares of capital stock. The relevant sections of our charter provide that, subject to certain exceptions, ownership of shares of our common stock by any person is limited to 9.8% by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding shares of common stock (the common share ownership limit), and no more than 9.8% by value or number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding capital stock (the aggregate share ownership limit). The common share ownership limit and the aggregate share ownership limit are collectively referred to herein as the “ownership limits.” These charter provisions will restrict the ability of persons to purchase shares in excess of the relevant ownership limits.
Our charter contains provisions that make removal of our directors difficult, which could make it difficult for stockholders to effect changes in management.
Our charter provides that, subject to the rights of any series of preferred stock, a director may be removed only by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of directors. Our charter and bylaws provide that vacancies generally may be filled only by a majority of the remaining directors in office, even if less than a quorum. These requirements make it more difficult to change management by removing and replacing directors and may prevent a change in control that is in the best interests of stockholders.

31

Table of Contents



Our rights and stockholders’ rights to take action against directors and officers are limited, which could limit recourse in the event of actions not in the best interests of stockholders.
As permitted by Maryland law, our charter eliminates the liability of its directors and officers to Two Harbors and its stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting from:
actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services; or
a final judgment based upon a finding of active and deliberate dishonesty by the director or officer that was material to the cause of action adjudicated.
In addition, pursuant to our charter we have agreed contractually to indemnify our present and former directors and officers for actions taken by them in those capacities to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. Further, our bylaws require us to indemnify each present or former director or officer, to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law, who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to any proceeding because of his or her service to Two Harbors. As part of these indemnification obligations, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our directors and officers.

Risks Related to Our Securities
Future issuances and sales of shares of our common stock may depress the market price of our common stock or have adverse consequences for our stockholders.
We have 900,000,000 authorized shares of common stock and we may increase our authorized common stock without stockholder approval. As of December 31, 2013, 364,935,168 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding. Our Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan, or the Plan, provides for grants of restricted common stock and other equity-based awards, subject to a ceiling of 3,000,000 shares available for issuance under the Plan. As of December 31, 2013, we had granted an aggregate of 1,171,394 shares of restricted common stock to our independent directors and Pine River employees pursuant to the Plan, of which 146,935 shares have vested and 1,024,459 shares remain subject to vesting restrictions.
We cannot predict the effect, if any, of future issuances or sales of our common stock on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock or the perception that such sales could occur may adversely affect the market price for our common stock.
Also, we may issue additional shares in subsequent public offerings or private placements to acquire new assets or for other purposes. We are not required to offer any such shares to existing stockholders on a preemptive basis. Therefore, it may not be possible for existing stockholders to participate in such future share issuances, which may dilute the existing stockholders’ interests.
Any future offerings of our securities would dilute our existing stockholders and may rank senior for purposes of dividend and liquidating distributions.
In the future, we may raise capital through the issuance of convertible or non-convertible debt or equity securities. Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and preferred stock, if any, and lenders with respect to other borrowings will be entitled to our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Convertible debt and convertible preferred stock may have favorable anti-dilution provisions. Additional equity offerings may dilute the holdings of our existing stockholders or reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. Our preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference on liquidating distributions or a preference on dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders or favorable conversion rights. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock, or the perception that these sales could occur, may have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Because our decision to issue debt or equity securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Thus, our stockholders bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our common stock and diluting the value of their holdings.
We have not established a minimum distribution payment level and we cannot assure you of our ability to pay distributions in the future.
We intend to continue to pay quarterly distributions and to make distributions to our stockholders in an amount such that we distribute all or substantially all of our REIT taxable income in each year, subject to certain adjustments. We have not established a minimum distribution payment level and our ability to pay distributions may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors described herein. All distributions will be made, subject to Maryland law, at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, any debt covenants, maintenance of our REIT qualification and other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time. We cannot assure you that we will achieve results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions.

32

Table of Contents



The market price of our common stock could fluctuate and could cause you to lose a significant part of your investment.
The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and be subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. The stock market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market price of many companies in industries similar or related to ours and that have been unrelated to these companies’ operating performances. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares of our common stock at a gain. Further, fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock may adversely affect the liquidity of the trading market for our common stock and, in the event that we seek to raise capital through future equity financings, our ability to raise such equity capital. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not fluctuate or decline significantly in the future.
The market price of our common stock may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including those described above and the following:
changes in financial estimates by analysts;
fluctuations in our quarterly financial results or the quarterly financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;
general economic conditions;
changes in market valuations of similar companies;
regulatory developments in the United States; and
additions or departures of key personnel at Pine River.
Resulting fluctuations in the market price of our common stock could cause you to lose a significant part of your investment.

Tax Risks
Our failure to qualify as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax and potentially increased state and local taxes, which would reduce the amount of our income available for distribution to our stockholders.
We operate in a manner that will enable us to qualify as a REIT and have elected to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2009. We have not requested and do not intend to request a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, that we qualify as a REIT. The U.S. federal income tax laws governing REITs and the asset they hold are complex, and judicial and administrative interpretations of the U.S. federal income tax laws governing REIT qualification are limited. To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must meet, on an ongoing basis, various tests regarding the nature of our assets and income, the ownership of our outstanding shares, and the amount of our distributions. Moreover, new legislation, court decisions, administrative guidance or actions by federal agencies or others to modify or re-characterize our assets, as a whole or in part, as other than real estate assets, in each case possibly with retroactive effect, may make it more difficult or impossible for us to qualify as a REIT. Thus, while we intend to operate so that we qualify as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that we will so qualify for any particular year. These considerations also might restrict the types of assets that we can acquire in the future.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and do not qualify for certain statutory relief provisions, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income, and distributions to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in determining our taxable income. In such a case, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay taxes. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of income available for distribution to stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we no longer would be required to distribute substantially all of our net taxable income to stockholders. In addition, unless we were eligible for certain statutory relief provisions, we could not re-elect to be taxed as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we failed to qualify.
Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive investment opportunities or financing or hedging strategies.
In order to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy various tests on an annual and quarterly basis regarding the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to stockholders and the ownership of our stock. To meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments we might otherwise make. We may be required to make distributions to stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution, and may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source of income or asset diversification requirements for qualifying as a REIT. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our investment performance.

33

Table of Contents



Complying with REIT requirements may force us to liquidate otherwise profitable assets.
In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must ensure that at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and designated real estate assets, including certain mortgage loans and shares in other REITs. Subject to certain exceptions, our ownership of securities, other than government securities and securities that constitute real estate assets, generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our assets, other than government securities and securities that constitute real estate assets, can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 25% of the value of our total securities can be represented by securities of one or more TRS’s. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter after the first calendar quarter for which we qualified as a REIT, we must generally correct such failure within 30 days after the end of such calendar quarter to avoid losing our REIT qualification. As a result, we may be required to liquidate otherwise profitable assets prematurely, which could reduce our return on assets, which could adversely affect returns to stockholders.
Potential characterization of distributions or gain on sale may be treated as unrelated business taxable income to tax exempt investors.
If (i) all or a portion of our assets are subject to the rules relating to taxable mortgage pools, (ii) we are a “pension held REIT,” (iii) a tax exempt stockholder has incurred debt to purchase or hold our common stock, or (iv) we purchase residual REMIC interests that generate “excess inclusion income,” then a portion of the distributions to and, in the case of a stockholder described in clause (iii), gains realized on the sale of common stock by such tax exempt stockholder may be subject to U.S. federal income tax as unrelated business taxable income under the Code.
Complying with REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively.
The REIT provisions of the Code may limit our ability to hedge our assets and operations. Under these provisions, on an annual basis we must derive 75% of our gross income from real estate assets, and 95% of our income from real estate assets and certain other qualifying income sources, in order to maintain our REIT status. Any income that we generate from transactions intended to hedge our interest rate and currency risks will generally be excluded from gross income for purposes of the 75% and 95% gross income tests if the instrument hedges interest rate risk or foreign currency exposure on liabilities used to carry or acquire real estate or income or gain that would be qualifying income under the 75% or 95% gross income tests, and such instrument is properly identified under applicable Treasury regulations. In addition, any income from other hedges would generally constitute non-qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may have to limit our use of hedging techniques that might otherwise be advantageous, which could result in greater risks associated with interest rate or other changes than we would otherwise incur.
The failure of our RMBS assets that are subject to a repurchase agreement to qualify as real estate assets would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT.
We may enter into repurchase agreements under which we will nominally sell certain of our RMBS assets to a counterparty and simultaneously enter into an agreement to repurchase the sold assets. We believe that we will be treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as the owner of the RMBS assets that are the subject of any such agreement notwithstanding that such agreement may transfer record ownership of the assets to the counterparty during the term of the agreement. It is possible, however, that the IRS could assert that we did not own the RMBS assets during the term of the repurchase agreement, in which case we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and may require us to incur debt, sell assets or take other actions to make such distributions.
In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must distribute to stockholders, each calendar year, at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (including certain items of non-cash income), determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gain. To the extent that we satisfy the 90% distribution requirement, but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed income. In addition, we will incur a 4% nondeductible excise tax on the amount, if any, by which our distributions in any calendar year are less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax law.
We intend to distribute our net income to stockholders in a manner intended to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement and to avoid both corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax. Our taxable income may substantially exceed our net income as determined by GAAP or differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash may occur in which case we may have taxable income in excess of cash flow from our operating activities. In such event, we may generate less cash flow than taxable income in a particular year and find it difficult or impossible to meet the REIT distribution requirements in certain circumstances. In such circumstances, in order to satisfy the distribution requirement and to avoid U.S. federal corporate income tax and the 4% nondeductible excise tax in that year, we may be required to: (i) sell assets in adverse market conditions, (ii) borrow on unfavorable terms, (iii) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions, capital expenditures or repayment of debt or (iv) make a taxable distribution of our shares as part of a distribution in which stockholders may elect to receive shares or (subject to a limit measured as a percentage of the total

34

Table of Contents



distribution) cash, in order to comply with the REIT distribution requirements. Thus, compliance with the REIT distribution requirements may require us to take actions that may not otherwise be advisable given existing market conditions and hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Even though we have elected to be taxed as a REIT, we may be required to pay certain taxes.
Even though we have elected to be taxed as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income, prohibited transactions, tax on income from some activities conducted as a result of a foreclosure, and state or local income, franchise, property and transfer taxes, including mortgage recording taxes. In addition, we will hold some of our assets through wholly owned TRSs. Our TRSs and any other taxable corporations in which we own an interest will be subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate taxes. Payment of these taxes generally would reduce our cash flow and the amount available to distribute to stockholders.
Our ability to invest in and dispose of TBA securities could be limited by our REIT qualification, and we could fail to qualify as a REIT as a result of these investments.
We may purchase Agency RMBS through TBAs, or dollar roll transactions. In certain instances, rather than take delivery of the Agency RMBS subject to a TBA, we may dispose of the TBA through a dollar roll transaction in which we agree to purchase similar securities in the future at a predetermined price or otherwise, which may result in the recognition of income or gains. We will account for dollar roll transactions as purchases and sales. The law is unclear regarding whether TBAs will be qualifying assets for the 75% asset test and whether income and gains from dispositions of TBAs will be qualifying income for the 75% gross income test.
Unless we are advised by counsel that TBAs should be treated as qualifying assets for purposes of the 75% asset test, we will limit our REIT investment in TBAs and any other non-qualifying assets to no more than 25% of our total assets at the end of any calendar quarter. Furthermore, until we are advised by counsel that income and gains from the disposition of TBAs should be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test, we will limit our REIT gains from dispositions of TBAs and any other non-qualifying income to no more than 25% of our total gross income for each calendar year. Accordingly, our ability within the REIT to purchase Agency RMBS through TBAs and to dispose of TBAs, through dollar roll transactions or otherwise, could be limited.
Moreover, even if we are advised by counsel that TBAs should be treated as qualifying assets or that income and gains from dispositions of TBAs should be treated as qualifying income, it is possible that the IRS could successfully take the position that such assets are not qualifying assets and such income is not qualifying income. In that event, we could be subject to a penalty tax or could fail to qualify as a REIT if (i) the value of our TBAs, together with our non-qualifying assets for the 75% asset test, exceeded 25% of our gross assets at the end of any calendar quarter, or (ii) our income and gains from the disposition of TBAs, together with our non-qualifying income for the 75% gross income test, exceeded 25% of our gross income for any taxable year.
Although our use of TRSs may be able to partially mitigate the impact of meeting the requirements for qualification as a REIT, our ownership of and relationship with our TRSs is limited and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT qualification and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.
A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more TRSs. Other than certain activities relating to lodging and healthcare facilities, a TRS generally may engage in any business and may hold assets and earn income that would not be qualifying assets or income if held or earned directly by a REIT. Overall, no more than 25% of the value of a REIT’s assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. In addition, the TRS rules limit the deductibility of interest paid or accrued by a TRS to its parent REIT to assure that the TRS is subject to an appropriate level of corporate taxation. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis.
Our TRSs will pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on their taxable income, and their after-tax net income will be available for distribution to Two Harbors but are not required to be distributed to Two Harbors. We anticipate that the aggregate value of the securities of our TRSs will be less than 25% of the value of our total assets (including our TRS securities). Furthermore, we intend to monitor the value of our respective investments in our TRSs for the purpose of ensuring compliance with TRS ownership limitations. In addition, we will review all of our transactions with TRSs to ensure that they are entered into on arm’s-length terms to avoid incurring the 100% excise tax described above. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to comply with the 25% limitation or to avoid application of the 100% excise tax discussed above.
We may be required to report taxable income with respect to certain of our investments in excess of the economic income we ultimately realize from them.
We may acquire interests in debt instruments in the secondary market for less than their face amount. The discount at which such interests in debt instruments are acquired may reflect doubts about their ultimate collectability rather than current market interest rates. The amount of such discount may nevertheless be treated as “market discount” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Market discount on a debt instrument may accrue based on the assumption that all future payments on the debt instrument will be made. Accrued market discount is reported as income when, and to the extent that, any payment of principal

35

Table of Contents



of the debt instrument is made. In the case of residential mortgage loans, principal payments are ordinarily made monthly, and consequently, accrued market discount may have to be included in income each month as if the debt instrument were assured of ultimately being collected in full. If we collect less on a debt instrument than its purchase price plus the market discount we had previously reported as income, we may not be able to benefit from any offsetting loss deduction in a subsequent taxable year.
Similarly, some of the mortgage-backed securities that we purchase will likely have been issued with original issue discount, or OID. We may be required to report such OID based on a constant yield method and income would accrue over the period we own the underlying security. This may lead to an accrual of OID income in excess of the amount that is collected. An offsetting loss deduction will become available only in the later year in which uncollectability is provable or ultimate disposition; and may be subject to limitation.
Finally, in the event that any debt instruments or mortgage-backed securities acquired by us are delinquent as to mandatory principal and interest payments, or in the event a borrower with respect to a particular debt instrument acquired by us encounters financial difficulty rendering it unable to pay stated interest as due, we may nonetheless be required to continue to recognize the unpaid interest as taxable income as it accrues, despite doubt as to its ultimate collectability. Similarly, we may be required to accrue interest income with respect to subordinate mortgage-backed securities at their stated rate regardless of whether corresponding cash payments are received or are ultimately collectible. In each case, while we would in general ultimately have an offsetting loss deduction available to us when such interest was determined to be uncollectable; the utility of that deduction would depend on our having taxable income in that later year or thereafter subject to carryforward limitations.
Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for the reduced tax rates on dividend income from regular corporations, which could adversely affect the value of our shares.
The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for dividends payable to domestic stockholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is 20% beginning in 2013. Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for these reduced rates. Although the reduced U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to dividend income from regular corporate dividends does not adversely affect the taxation of REITs or dividends paid by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of REITs, including our shares of common stock. Also, to the extent that tax rates change after 2014, the attractiveness of an investment in our shares may decrease, which could adversely affect the value of our securities.
We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our shares.
At any time, the U.S. federal income tax laws or regulations governing REITs or the administrative interpretations of those laws or regulations may be changed, possibly with retroactive effect. We cannot predict if or when any new U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, or any amendment to any existing U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation, will be adopted, promulgated or become effective or whether any such law, regulation or interpretation may take effect retroactively. We and our stockholders could be adversely affected by any such change in, or any new, U.S. federal income tax law, regulation or administrative interpretation.
REIT limitations may affect our ability to dispose of our residential real property portfolio.
The provisions of the Code relating to REITs may limit our ability to sell properties at a profit without incurring unfavorable tax consequences. Generally, sales of property within two years of acquisition, and sale of multiple properties within one year, may result in the gains from such sales being subject to 100% taxation.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

Item 2. Properties
Our principal place of business is located at 590 Madison Avenue, 36th Floor, New York, New York 10022. In New York, we lease 5,768 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that expires in June 2017. We also have an office located at 601 Carlson Parkway, Suite 1400, Minnetonka, Minnesota 55305, telephone (612) 629-2500. In Minnetonka, we lease 19,497 square feet of office space pursuant to a lease that expires in June 2021. We also have leases for offices in Phoenix, Arizona, Lakewood, Colorado, and Naples, Florida to support our operations. In accordance with the shared facilities and services agreement between PRCM Advisers and Pine River, we may share our lease space with Pine River personnel and/or utilize additional Pine River office space in Minnetonka, New York and San Francisco.


36

Table of Contents



Item 3. Legal Proceedings
From time to time we may be involved in various legal claims and/or administrative proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. As of the date of this filing, we are not party to any litigation or legal proceedings or, to the best of our knowledge, any threatened litigation or legal proceedings, which, in our opinion, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
None.


37

Table of Contents



PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information
Our common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “TWO”. As of the date of this filing, 366,043,088 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding. Our warrants, which expired on November 7, 2013, were previously listed on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “TWO.WS”.
The following table shows the high and low sales prices for our common stock and warrants as reported on the NYSE and the NYSE MKT during the calendar years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012:
Quarter Ended
 
Common Stock
 
Warrants
 
2013
 
High
 
Low
 
High
 
Low
 
December 31
 
$
9.89

 
$
8.94

 
$
0.44

(1) 
$
0.01

(1) 
September 30
 
$
10.45

 
$
8.95

 
$
1.07

 
$
0.25

 
June 30
 
$
12.64

 
$
10.10

 
$
2.90

 
$
0.84

 
March 31
 
$
13.03

 
$
10.46

 
$
3.00

 
$
0.67

 
2012
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31
 
$
12.20

 
$
9.85

 
$
1.35

 
$
0.28

 
September 30
 
$
12.08

 
$
10.40

 
$
1.05

 
$
0.22

 
June 30
 
$
10.76

 
$
9.94

 
$
0.25

 
$
0.10

 
March 31
 
$
10.63

 
$
9.03

 
$
0.25

 
$
0.09

 
___________________
(1)
High and low sales prices for our warrants as reported on the NYSE MKT through expiration on November 7, 2013.

Holders
As of February 21, 2014, there were 270 registered holders and approximately 100,750 beneficial owners of our common stock.

Dividends
On December 17, 2013, we declared a cash dividend to our common stockholders, which was paid on December 31, 2013, totaling $94.9 million, or $0.26 per share. The following table presents cash dividends declared on our common stock for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012:
Declaration Date
 
Record Date
 
Payment Date
 
Cash Dividend Per Share (1)
December 17, 2013
 
December 27, 2013
 
December 31, 2013
 
$
0.26

September 11, 2013
 
September 26, 2013
 
October 23, 2013
 
$
0.28

June 18, 2013
 
June 28, 2013
 
July 23, 2013
 
$
0.31

March 18, 2013
 
April 2, 2013
 
April 24, 2013
 
$
0.32

December 17, 2012
 
December 31, 2012
 
January 18, 2013
 
$
0.55

September 12, 2012
 
September 24, 2012
 
October 22, 2012
 
$
0.36

June 12, 2012
 
June 22, 2012
 
July 20, 2012
 
$
0.40

March 14, 2012
 
March 26, 2012
 
April 20, 2012
 
$
0.40

___________________
(1)
Per share amounts represent cash dividends only and exclude the distribution of Silver Bay common stock declared on March 18, 2013 and distributed on or about April 24, 2013 to our common stockholders of record as of April 2, 2013 amounting to $1.01 per share, as measured in accordance with GAAP.

All dividend distributions are made with the authorization of the board of directors at its discretion and will depend on such items as our REIT taxable earnings, financial condition, maintenance of REIT status, and other factors that the board of

38

Table of Contents



directors may deem relevant from time to time. The holders of our common stock share proportionally on a per share basis in all declared dividends on our common stock. We intend to pay quarterly dividends and intend to distribute to our stockholders as dividends at least 90% of our REIT taxable income.
We have not established a minimum distribution level for our common stock. See Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for information regarding the sources of funds used for dividends and for a discussion of factors, if any, which may adversely affect our ability to pay dividends at the same level in 2014 and thereafter.
Our stock transfer agent and registrar is Computershare. Requests for information from Computershare can be sent to Computershare, P.O. Box 30170, College Station, TX 77842-3170 and their telephone number is 1-800-851-9677.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
We adopted the Plan to provide incentive compensation to attract and retain qualified directors, officers, advisers, consultants and other personnel, including PRCM Advisers and affiliates and personnel of PRCM Advisers and its affiliates, and any joint venture affiliates of ours. The Plan is administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors and permits the granting of restricted shares of common stock, phantom shares, dividend equivalent rights and other equity-based awards.
On May 21, 2013, our stockholders approved the Plan, which effectuated, among other changes, an increase in the number of shares available for issuance under the Plan to 3,000,000 shares of common stock. Other amendments provide for the possibility of making grants of equity-based compensation to the executive officers and other key employees of our external manager and its affiliates upon a determination by the compensation committee, and the implementation of certain best practices of equity-based compensation. For a detailed description of the Plan, see Note 22 - Equity Incentive Plan of the consolidated financial statements included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The following table presents certain information about our equity compensation plan as of December 31, 2013:
 
 
December 31, 2013
Plan Category
 
Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 
Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights
 
Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in the first column of this table)
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders
 

 
$

 
1,828,606

Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders
 

 

 

Total
 

 
$

 
1,828,606


Performance Graph
The following graph compares the stockholder’s cumulative total return, assuming $100 invested at October 28, 2009 (the date of our merger), with all reinvestment of dividends, as if such amounts had been invested in: (i) our common stock; (ii) the stocks included in the Standard and Poor’s 500 Stock Index, or S&P 500; (iii) the stocks included in the NAREIT Mortgage REIT Index; and (iv) the stocks included in the Pine River Mortgage REIT Index.


39

Table of Contents



COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
Among Two Harbors Investment Corp., S&P 500,
NAREIT Mortgage REIT Index and Pine River Mortgage REIT Index


 
 
Period Ending
Index
 
10/28/09
 
12/31/09
 
12/31/10
 
12/31/11
 
12/31/12
 
12/31/13
Two Harbors Investment Corp.
 
$
100.00

 
$
102.71

 
$
120.52

 
$
133.57

 
$
187.11

 
$
188.21

S&P 500
 
$
100.00

 
$
107.39

 
$
123.56

 
$
126.17

 
$
143.13

 
$
189.49

NAREIT Mortgage REIT Index
 
$
100.00

 
$
107.52

 
$
131.81

 
$
128.63

 
$
152.48

 
$
149.49

Pine River Mortgage REIT Index Total Return
 
$
100.00

 
$
108.11

 
$
130.79

 
$
118.64

 
$
141.20

 
$
129.44


Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
On October 5, 2011, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program, which allowed us to repurchase up to 10,000,000 shares of our common stock. On November 14, 2012, our Board of Directors authorized an increase of 15,000,000 shares to the previously authorized share repurchase program for a total of 25,000,000 authorized shares. Shares may be repurchased from time to time through privately negotiated transactions or open market transactions, including pursuant to a trading plan in accordance with Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Exchange Act or by any combination of such methods. The manner, price, number and timing of share repurchases will be subject to a variety of factors, including market conditions and applicable SEC rules. As of December 31, 2013, we had repurchased 2,450,700 shares under the program for a total cost of $23.9 million. No repurchases were made during the three months ended December 31, 2013.


40

Table of Contents




Item 6. Selected Financial Data
Our selected financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain amounts for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the 2013 presentation.
(in thousands)
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2013
 
2012
 
2011
 
2010
 
2009 (1)
Interest income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale securities
$
507,180

 
$
448,620

 
$
197,126

 
$
39,844

 
$
2,796

Trading securities
5,963

 
4,873

 
4,159

 
170

 

Mortgage loans held-for-sale
22,185

 
609

 
2

 

 

Mortgage loans held-for-investment in securitization trusts
19,220

 

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents
1,043

 
944

 
347

 
107

 
70

Total interest income
555,591

 
455,046

 
201,634

 
40,121

 
2,866

Interest expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase agreements
89,470

 
72,106

 
22,709

 
4,421

 
131

Collateralized borrowings in securitization trusts
10,937

 

 

 

 

Total interest expense
100,407

 
72,106

 
22,709

 
4,421

 
131

Net interest income
455,184

 
382,940

 
178,925

 
35,700

 
2,735

Other-than-temporary impairment losses
(1,662
)
 
(10,952
)
 
(5,102
)
 

 

Other income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Loss) gain on investment securities
(54,430
)
 
122,466

 
36,520

 
6,127

 
336

Gain (loss) on interest rate swap and swaption agreements
245,229

 
(159,775
)
 
(86,769
)
 
(6,344
)
 
364

Gain (loss) on other derivative instruments
95,345

 
(40,906
)
 
26,755

 
7,156

 

(Loss) gain on mortgage loans held-for-sale
(33,846
)
 
2,270

 

 

 

Servicing income
12,011

 

 

 

 

Servicing asset valuation
13,881

 

 

 

 

Other income
14,619

 

 

 

 

Total other income (loss)
292,809

 
(75,945
)
 
(23,494
)
 
6,939

 
700

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Management fees
41,707

 
33,168

 
14,241

 
2,989

 
326

Securitization deal costs
4,153

 

 

 

 

Servicing expenses
3,761

 

 

 

 

Other operating expenses
37,259

 
17,678

 
9,673

 
4,578

 
12,171

Total expenses
86,880

 
50,846

 
23,914

 
7,567

 
12,497

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes
659,451

 
245,197

 
126,415

 
35,072

 
(9,062
)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes
84,411

 
(42,219
)
 
(1,106
)
 
(683
)
 
(318
)
Net income (loss) from continuing operations
575,040

 
287,416

 
127,521

 
35,755

 
(8,744
)
Income (loss) from discontinued operations
3,999

 
4,490

 
(89
)
 

 

Net income (loss)
579,039

 
291,906

 
127,432

 
35,755

 
(8,744
)
Accretion of Trust Account income relating to common stock subject to possible conversion

 

 

 

 
(93
)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
579,039

 
$
291,906

 
$
127,432

 
$
35,755

 
$
(8,837
)

41

Table of Contents



(in thousands, except share data)
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2013
 
2012
 
2011
 
2010
 
2009 (1)
Basic earnings (loss) per weighted average share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Continuing operations
$
1.64

 
$
1.19

 
$
1.29

 
$
1.60

 
$
(0.39
)
Discontinued operations
0.01

 
0.02

 

 

 

Net income (loss)
$
1.65

 
$
1.21

 
$
1.29

 
$
1.60

 
$
(0.39
)
Diluted earnings (loss) per weighted average share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Continuing operations
$
1.64

 
$
1.18

 
$
1.29

 
$
1.60

 
$
(0.39
)
Discontinued operations
0.01

 
0.02

 

 

 

Net income (loss)
$
1.65

 
$
1.20

 
$
1.29

 
$
1.60

 
$
(0.39
)
Dividends declared per common share
$
1.17

 
$
1.71

 
$
1.60

 
$
1.48

 
$
0.26

Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
350,361,827

 
242,014,751

 
98,826,868

 
22,381,683

 
22,941,728

Diluted
350,992,387

 
242,432,156

 
98,826,868

 
22,381,683

 
22,941,728

Comprehensive income (loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
$
579,039

 
$
291,906

 
$
127,432

 
$
35,755

 
$
(8,744
)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities, net
(251,723
)
 
755,174

 
(81,335
)
 
23,569

 
(950
)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
(251,723
)
 
755,174

 
(81,335
)
 
23,569

 
(950
)
Comprehensive income (loss)
$
327,316

 
$
1,047,080

 
$
46,097

 
$
59,324

 
$
(9,694
)
(in thousands)
At December 31,
 
2013
 
2012
 
2011
 
2010
 
2009 (1)
Available-for-sale securities
$
12,256,727

 
$
13,666,954

 
$
6,249,252

 
$
1,354,405

 
$
494,465

Total assets
$
17,173,862

 
$
16,813,944

 
$
8,100,384

 
$
1,797,432

 
$
538,366

Repurchase agreements
$
12,250,450

 
$
12,624,510

 
$
6,660,148

 
$
1,169,803

 
$
411,893

Total stockholders’ equity
$
3,854,995

 
$
3,450,577

 
$
1,270,086

 
$
382,448

 
$
121,721

____________________
(1) Capitol, the accounting acquirer in the merger completed on October 28, 2009, was formed on June 26, 2007 as a development stage company. As such, our results of operations are presented for only the periods set forth above. Comparability of the financial data is affected by the merger with Capitol.


42

Table of Contents



Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

General
We are a Maryland corporation focused on investing in, financing and managing RMBS, residential mortgage loans, MSR and other financial assets, which we collectively refer to as our target assets. We operate as a REIT, as defined under the Code.
We are externally managed by PRCM Advisers, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Pine River, a global multi-strategy asset management firm providing comprehensive portfolio management, transparency and liquidity to institutional and high net worth investors.
Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted total return to our stockholders over the long term, primarily through dividends and secondarily through capital appreciation. We selectively acquire and manage an investment portfolio of our target assets, which is constructed to generate attractive returns through market cycles. We focus on asset selection and implement a relative value investment approach across various sectors within the residential mortgage market. Our target assets include the following:

Agency RMBS (which includes inverse interest-only Agency securities classified as Agency Derivatives for purposes of U.S. GAAP), meaning RMBS whose principal and interest payments are guaranteed by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac;
Non-Agency RMBS, meaning RMBS that are not issued or guaranteed by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac;
MSR;
Prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans and CSL; and
Other financial assets comprising approximately 5% to 10% of the portfolio.

We generally view our target assets in two strategies that rely on our core competencies of managing prepayment and credit risk. Our rates strategy includes assets that are sensitive to changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds, specifically Agency RMBS and MSR. Our credit strategy includes assets with inherent credit risk including non-Agency RMBS, net economic interests in securitizations and CSL.
We believe our hybrid Agency and non-Agency RMBS investment model allows management to allocate capital across various sectors within the residential mortgage market, with a focus on security selection and implementation of a relative value investment approach. Capital allocation factors in the opportunities in the marketplace, cost of financing and cost of hedging interest rate, prepayment, credit and other portfolio risks. As a result, RMBS asset allocation reflects management’s opportunistic approach to investing in the marketplace.
During the year ended December 31, 2013, we did not significantly modify our RMBS asset allocation between Agency and non-Agency RMBS. The following table provides the RMBS asset allocation between Agency and non-Agency RMBS as of December 31, 2013 and the four immediately preceding period ends:
 
As of
 
December 31,
2013
 
September 30,
2013
 
June 30,
2013
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
Agency RMBS
77.9
%
 
77.1
%
 
80.5
%
 
80.2
%
 
81.0
%
Non-Agency RMBS
22.1
%
 
22.9
%
 
19.5
%
 
19.8
%
 
19.0
%

As our RMBS asset allocation shifts, our annualized yields and cost of financing shifts. As previously discussed, our investment decisions are not driven solely by annualized yields, but rather a multitude of macroeconomic drivers, including market environments and their respective impacts; for example, uncertainty of faster prepayments, extension risk and credit events.

43

Table of Contents



For the three months ended December 31, 2013, our net interest spread realized on Agency and non-Agency RMBS was higher than prior periods. The increase in yields and net interest spreads across comparative periods was predominantly driven by slower prepayments in the Agency market due to the rise in interest rates toward the end of 2013. The following table provides the average annualized yield on our Agency and non-Agency RMBS for the three months ended December 31, 2013, and the four immediately preceding quarters:
 
Three Months Ended
 
December 31,
2013
 
September 30,
2013
 
June 30,
2013
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
Average annualized yields (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
3.1%
 
2.8%
 
2.7%
 
2.9%
 
2.9%
Non-Agency RMBS
8.9%
 
9.0%
 
9.1%
 
9.2%
 
9.5%
Aggregate RMBS
4.2%
 
4.0%
 
3.7%
 
4.0%
 
4.0%
Cost of financing (2)
1.1%
 
1.2%
 
1.2%
 
1.1%
 
1.1%
Net interest spread
3.1%
 
2.8%
 
2.5%
 
2.9%
 
2.9%
____________________
(1)
Average annualized yield incorporates future prepayment, credit loss and other assumptions, all of which are estimates and subject to change.
(2)
Cost of financing includes swap interest rate spread.

The following table provides the average annualized yield expected on our Agency and non-Agency RMBS as of December 31, 2013, and the four immediately preceding period ends:
 
As of
 
December 31,
2013
 
September 30,
2013
 
June 30,
2013
 
March 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
Average annualized yields (1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency RMBS
3.0%
 
2.9%
 
2.8%
 
2.9%
 
2.9%
Non-Agency RMBS
9.0%
 
9.0%
 
9.1%
 
9.2%
 
9.4%
Aggregate RMBS
4.1%
 
4.1%
 
3.8%
 
3.8%
 
4.0%
Cost of financing (2)
1.1%
 
1.2%
 
1.2%
 
1.1%
 
1.2%
Net interest spread
3.0%
 
2.9%
 
2.6%
 
2.7%
 
2.8%
____________________
(1)
Average annualized yield incorporates future prepayment, credit loss and other assumptions, all of which are estimates and subject to change.
(2)
Cost of financing includes swap interest rate spread.

During the year ended December 31, 2013, we have continued to make progress on strategic initiatives, which stem from the changing opportunities in the residential mortgage marketplace, including a mortgage loan conduit and securitization platform and an MSR platform. We acquire prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans from select mortgage loan originators and secondary market institutions and primarily securitize the loans through the issuance of non-Agency mortgage-backed securities. Late in the fourth quarter, we completed a bulk acquisition of MSR and entered into a two-year flow agreement to acquire new-origination MSR production. We believe leveraging the strength of our combined investment and operating platform will allow us to provide capital solutions to originators, servicers and RMBS investor partners. During the year ended December 31, 2013 we also acquired CSL with the intention of securitizing the loans and/or exiting through a whole loan sale.
We seek to deploy moderate leverage as part of our investment strategy. We generally finance our RMBS assets through short-term borrowings structured as repurchase agreements. Our Agency RMBS, given their liquidity and high credit quality, are eligible for higher levels of leverage, while non-Agency RMBS, with less liquidity and exposure to credit risk, utilize lower levels of leverage. We also finance our U.S. Treasuries, which we hold for trading purposes, and our mortgage loans. We believe the debt-to-equity ratio funding our Agency RMBS, non-Agency and mortgage loans held-for-sale is the most meaningful leverage measure as U.S. Treasuries are viewed to be highly liquid in nature and collateralized borrowings on mortgage loans held-for-investment in securitization trusts represent term financing with no stated maturity. As a result, our debt-to-equity ratio is determined by our RMBS portfolio mix as well as many additional factors, including the liquidity of our portfolio, the sustainability and price of our financing, diversification of our counterparties and their available capacity to

44

Table of Contents



finance our RMBS assets, and anticipated regulatory developments. Over the past several quarterly periods, we have generally maintained a debt-to-equity ratio range of 3.0 to 5.0 times to finance our RMBS portfolio and mortgage loans held-for-sale, on a fully deployed capital basis. Our debt-to-equity ratio is directly correlated to the make-up of our RMBS portfolio; specifically, the higher percentage of Agency RMBS we hold, the higher our debt-to-equity ratio is, and vice versa. We may alter the percentage allocation of our portfolio between Agency and non-Agency RMBS depending on the quality of the assets that are available to purchase from time to time, including at times when we are deploying proceeds from common stock offerings we conduct. The debt-to-equity ratio range has been driven by our relatively stable asset allocation between Agency and non-Agency RMBS, as disclosed above. See the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations -- Financial Condition -- Repurchase Agreements” for further discussion.
We recognize that investing in our target assets is competitive and that we compete with other investment vehicles for attractive investment opportunities. We rely on our management team and our dedicated team of investment professionals provided by our external manager to identify investment opportunities. In addition, we have benefited and expect to continue to benefit from our external manager’s analytical and portfolio management expertise and infrastructure. We believe that our significant focus on the RMBS area, the extensive RMBS expertise of our investment team, our strong analytics and our disciplined relative value investment approach give us a competitive advantage versus our peers.
We have elected to be treated as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes. To qualify as a REIT we are required to meet certain investment and operating tests and annual distribution requirements. We generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income taxes on our taxable income to the extent that we annually distribute all of our net taxable income to stockholders, do not participate in prohibited transactions and maintain our intended qualification as a REIT. However, certain activities that we may perform may cause us to earn income which will not be qualifying income for REIT purposes. We have designated certain of our subsidiaries as TRSs, as defined in the Code, to engage in such activities, and we may form additional TRSs in the future. We also operate our business in a manner that will permit us to maintain our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. While we do not currently originate or service loans, certain of our subsidiaries have obtained the requisite licenses and approvals to purchase and sell mortgage loans and to hold and manage MSR.
On December 19, 2012, we completed the contribution of our portfolio of single-family rental properties to Silver Bay, a newly organized Maryland corporation intended to qualify as a REIT and focused on the acquisition, renovation, leasing and management of single-family residential properties for rental income and long-term capital appreciation. We contributed our equity interests in the wholly owned subsidiary, Two Harbors Property Investment LLC to Silver Bay, and in exchange for the contribution, received shares of common stock of Silver Bay. Silver Bay completed its IPO of its common stock on December 19, 2012. We distributed shares of Silver Bay common stock we received in the transaction to our stockholders on or about April 24, 2013. Because we will not have any significant continuing involvement in Two Harbors Property Investment LLC, all of the associated operating results were removed from continuing operations and are presented separately as discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011.

Overview
Our 2013 efforts focused on three strategic objectives that we believe will position us for long-term success.
Managing a portfolio of RMBS to generate attractive returns with balanced risks.  We operate a hybrid REIT model, diversifying our portfolio across Agency and non-Agency RMBS in combination with derivative hedging instruments. We manage to an overall low level of interest rate exposure and leverage. We believe carrying a balance of risks within our portfolio is critical to providing an attractive return to our stockholders and our ability to adjust our allocations and deploy capital across sectors allow us to optimize portfolio results over time.
Executing business diversification opportunities across residential mortgage loans, MSR and other real estate assets. We pursued a variety of opportunities that leverage our core competencies of credit and prepayment risk management. In late 2011, we began acquiring prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans from select mortgage loan originators and secondary market institutions in order to establish a nonconforming loan securitization program. As of December 31, 2013, we have participated in two securitizations, one sponsored by a third party and one sponsored by a subsidiary of Two Harbors. In early 2013, we began acquiring CSL and have purchased $424.7 million in CSL as of December 31, 2013. In addition, on April 30, 2013, one of our wholly owned subsidiaries acquired a company that has approvals from Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae to hold and manage MSR. As of December 31, 2013, we held $514.4 million in MSR acquired in conjunction with the acquisition of this entity as well as MSR subsequently purchased. We are taking a measured approach as we diversify, keeping true to our strategic long-term plans and our core strengths.
Maintaining “best in class” investment, corporate governance, investor relations and disclosure practices. We attribute our growth to our portfolio alpha generation, innovation and best practice in corporate governance and disclosure.


45

Table of Contents



Factors Affecting our Operating Results
Our net interest income includes income from our RMBS portfolio, including the amortization of purchase premiums and accretion of purchase discounts, and income from our residential mortgage loans. Net interest income will fluctuate primarily as a result of changes in market interest rates, our financing costs, and prepayment speeds on our assets. Interest rates, financing costs and prepayment rates vary according to the type of investment, conditions in the financial markets, competition and other factors, none of which can be predicted with any certainty. Our operating results will also be affected by default rates and credit losses with respect to the mortgage loans underlying our non-Agency RMBS and in our mortgage loan portfolio.

Fair Value Measurement
ASC 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing market participants at the measurement date. It also establishes three levels of input to be used when measuring fair value:

Level 1
Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date under current market conditions. Additionally, the entity must have the ability to access the active market and the quoted prices cannot be adjusted by the entity.
Level 2
Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means for substantially the full-term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3
Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent the assumptions that market participants would use to price the assets and liabilities, including risk. Generally, Level 3 assets and liabilities are valued using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that require significant judgment or estimation.

We follow the fair value hierarchy set forth above in order to prioritize the data utilized to measure fair value. We strive to obtain quoted market prices in active markets (Level 1 inputs). If Level 1 inputs are not available, we will attempt to obtain Level 2 inputs, observable market prices in inactive markets or derive the fair value measurement using observable market prices for similar assets or liabilities. When neither Level 1 nor Level 2 inputs are available, we use Level 3 inputs and independent pricing service models to estimate fair value measurements. At December 31, 2013, approximately 91.2% of total assets, or $15.7 billion, and approximately 5.0% of total liabilities, or $661.9 million, consisted of financial instruments recorded at fair value. As of December 31, 2013, we had $939.1 million, or approximately 5.5% of total assets reported at fair value using Level 3 inputs. See Note 16 - Fair Value to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for descriptions of valuation methodologies used to measure material assets and liabilities at fair value and details of the valuation models, key inputs to those models and significant assumptions utilized.
A significant portion of our assets and liabilities are at fair value and, therefore, our consolidated balance sheets and statements of comprehensive income are significantly affected by fluctuations in market prices. Although we execute various hedging strategies to mitigate our exposure to changes in fair value, we cannot fully eliminate our exposure to volatility caused by fluctuations in market prices. Starting in 2007, markets for asset-backed securities, including RMBS, have experienced severe dislocations. While these market disruptions continue, our assets and liabilities will be subject to valuation adjustment as well as changes in the inputs we use to measure fair value.
For the year ended December 31, 2013, our unrealized fair value gains on interest rate swap and swaption agreements, which are accounted for as derivative trading instruments under GAAP, positively affected our financial results. The change in fair value of the interest rate swaps was a result of the realization of losses on interest rates swaps unwound and subsequent resetting of interest rate swaps at more favorable rates, combined with changes to LIBOR, the swap curve, and corresponding counterparty borrowing rates during the year ended December 31, 2013. Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2013 were positively affected by unrealized fair value gains on certain U.S. Treasuries classified as trading instruments due to their short-term investment objectives, and negatively affected by unrealized fair value losses on mortgage loans held-for-sale. Additionally, our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2013 were positively affected by an increase in fair value of MSR. For the year ended December 31, 2012, our unrealized fair value losses on interest rate swap and swaption agreements negatively affected our financial results. The change in fair value of the interest rate swaps was a result of changes to LIBOR, the swap curve, and corresponding counterparty borrowing rates during the year ended December 31, 2012. Our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2012 were positively affected by unrealized fair value gains on certain U.S. Treasuries classified as trading instruments, equity securities, which consisted solely of shares of Silver Bay common stock, and mortgage loans held-for-sale. In addition, our financial results for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 were affected by the unrealized gains and losses of certain other derivative instruments that were accounted for as trading derivative instruments,

46

Table of Contents



i.e., credit default swaps, TBAs, put and call options for TBAs, constant maturity swaps, short U.S. Treasuries and inverse interest-only securities. Any temporary change in the fair value of our available-for-sale securities is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income and does not impact our earnings.
We have numerous internal controls in place to help ensure the appropriateness of fair value measurements. Significant fair value measures are subject to detailed analytics and management review and approval. Our entire investment portfolio is priced by third-party brokers and/or by independent pricing providers. We strive to obtain multiple market data points for each valuation. We utilize “bid side” pricing for our RMBS assets and, as a result, certain assets, especially the most recent purchases, may realize a markdown due to the “bid-offer” spread. To the extent that this occurs, any economic effect of this would be reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income. We back test the fair value measurements provided by the pricing providers against actual performance. We also monitor the market for recent trades, market surveys, or other market information that may be used to benchmark pricing provider inputs.
Considerable judgment is used in forming conclusions and estimating inputs to our Level 3 fair value measurements. Level 3 inputs such as interest rate movements, prepayments speeds, credit losses and discount rates are inherently difficult to estimate. Changes to these inputs can have a significant effect on fair value measurements. Accordingly, there is no assurance that our estimates of fair value are indicative of the amounts that would be realized on the ultimate sale or exchange of these assets.

Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make certain judgments and assumptions, based on information available at the time of our preparation of the financial statements, in determining accounting estimates used in preparation of the statements. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, included under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Accounting estimates are considered critical if the estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made and if different estimates reasonably could have been used in the reporting period or changes in the accounting estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period to period that would have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Classification and Valuation of Available-for-Sale and Trading Securities
Our RMBS investments consist primarily of Agency RMBS and non-Agency RMBS that we classify as available-for-sale, or AFS. Our RMBS classified as available-for-sale are carried at their fair value, with changes in fair value recorded through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity, rather than through earnings. We also hold U.S. Treasuries for trading purposes. Our trading securities are carried at estimated fair value with changes in fair value recorded as a component of gain on investment securities, net in earnings. If our RMBS AFS were also classified as trading securities, there could be substantially greater volatility in our earnings.
When the estimated fair value of an available-for-sale security is less than amortized cost, we consider whether there is an other-than-temporary impairment in the value of the security that is required to be recognized in the statement of operations. The determination of whether a security is other-than-temporarily impaired involves judgments and assumptions based on subjective and objective factors. Consideration is given to whether we (1) have the intent to sell the investment securities, (2) are more likely than not to be required to sell the investment securities before recovery, or (3) do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the investment securities. Investments with unrealized losses are not considered other-than-temporarily impaired if we have the ability and intent to hold the investments for a period of time, to maturity if necessary, sufficient for a forecasted market price recovery up to or beyond the amortized cost basis of the investments. If an impairment is determined to be solely driven by the inability to fully recover the entire amortized cost basis over the remaining life of the security, the security is further analyzed for credit loss (the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis). The credit loss, if any, is then recognized in the statement of operations, while the balance of impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income.
Classification and Valuation of Equity Securities
The equity securities held as of December 31, 2012, which consisted solely of shares of Silver Bay common stock, were carried at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in earnings as a result of a fair value option election. Fair value was determined based on the closing market price at period end. As the shares were distributed to Two Harbors stockholders in 2013, equity securities are no longer recognized on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2013.
Classification and Valuation of Mortgage Loans Held-for-Sale
Our mortgage loans held-for-sale are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value option election, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Fair value is generally determined based on current secondary market pricing or cash flow models using market-based yield requirements.

47

Table of Contents



Classification and Valuation of Mortgage Loans Held-for-Investment in Securitization Trusts
Our mortgage loans held-for-investment in securitization trusts are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value option election, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Fair value is generally determined based on current secondary market pricing or cash flow models using market-based yield requirements.
Classification and Valuation of Mortgage Servicing Rights
We account for our MSR at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings, rather than at amortized cost. Although MSR transactions are observable in the marketplace, the valuation includes unobservable market data inputs (prepayment speeds, delinquency levels and discount rates).
Classification and Valuation of Collateralized Borrowings in Securitization Trusts
Our collateralized borrowings in securitization trusts are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value option election, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Fair value is generally determined based on prices obtained from third-party pricing providers, broker quotes received and other applicable market data.
The methods used by us to estimate fair value for available-for-sale securities, trading securities, equity securities, mortgage loans, MSR and collateralized borrowings may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while we believe that our valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. We use inputs that are current as of the measurement date, which in periods of market dislocation, may have reduced transparency.
Interest Income Recognition
Our interest income on our Agency RMBS and non-Agency RMBS is accrued based on the actual coupon rate and the outstanding principal balance of such securities. Premiums and discounts are amortized or accreted into interest income over the lives of the securities using the effective yield method, as adjusted for actual prepayments. We estimate prepayments for our Agency interest-only securities, which represent our right to receive a specified portion of the contractual interest flows of specific Agency and collateralized mortgage obligations, or CMO, securities. As a result, if prepayments increase (or are expected to increase), we will accelerate the rate of amortization on the premiums. Conversely, if prepayments decrease (or are expected to decrease), we will decelerate the rate of amortization on the premiums.
Our interest income on our non-Agency RMBS rated below AA, including unrated securities, is recognized in accordance with estimated cash flows. Cash flows from a security are estimated by applying assumptions used to determine the fair value of such security and the excess of the future cash flows over the investment are recognized as interest income under the effective yield method. We review and, if appropriate, make adjustments to our cash flow projections at least quarterly and monitor these projections based on input and analysis received from external sources, internal models, and our judgment about interest rates, prepayment rates, the timing and amount of credit losses, and other factors. Changes in cash flows from those originally projected, or from those estimated at the last evaluation, may result in a prospective change in interest income recognized on, or the carrying value of, such securities.
For non-Agency RMBS purchased at a discount, we account for differences between contractual cash flows and cash flows expected to be collected from our initial investment in debt securities acquired if those differences are attributable, at least in part, to credit quality. We limit the yield that may be accreted (accretable yield) to the excess of an estimate of undiscounted expected principal, interest, and other cash flows (cash flows expected at acquisition to be collected) over the initial investment. The excess of contractual cash flows over cash flows expected to be collected (nonaccretable difference or designated credit reserve) is not recognized as an adjustment of yield, loss accrual, or valuation allowance. Subsequent increases in cash flows expected to be collected is recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield over the remaining life of the security. Decreases in cash flows expected to be collected are recognized as impairments.
Interest income on mortgage loans is recognized at the loan coupon rate. Loans are considered past due when they are 30 days past their contractual due date. Interest income recognition is suspended when mortgage loans are placed on nonaccrual status. Generally, mortgage loans are placed on nonaccrual status when delinquent for more than 60 days or when determined not to be probable of full collection. Interest accrued, but not collected, at the date mortgage loans are placed on nonaccrual is reversed and subsequently recognized only to the extent it is received in cash or until it qualifies for return to accrual status. However, where there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectability of loan principal, all cash received is applied to reduce the carrying value of such loans. Mortgage loans are restored to accrual status only when contractually current or the collection of future payments is reasonably assured.
Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
We apply the provisions of ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, which requires an entity to recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheets and to measure those instruments at fair value. The fair value adjustments of our current derivative instruments affect net income as the hedge for accounting purposes is being treated as an economic, or trading, hedge and not as a qualifying hedging instrument.

48

Table of Contents



Derivatives are primarily used for hedging purposes rather than speculation. We rely on internal models corroborated by quotations from a third party to determine these fair values. If our hedging activities do not achieve their desired results, our reported earnings may be adversely affected.
Income Taxes
Our financial results are generally not expected to reflect provisions for current or deferred income taxes, except for those taxable benefits or provisions recognized by our taxable REIT subsidiaries. We estimate, based on existence of sufficient evidence, the ability to realize the remainder of any deferred tax asset our TRSs recognize. Any adjustments to such estimates will be made in the period such determination is made. We plan to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify for taxation as a REIT. As a result of our expected REIT qualification, we do not generally expect to pay U.S. federal corporate level taxes. However, many of the REIT requirements are highly technical and complex. If we were to fail to meet the REIT requirements, we would be subject to U.S. federal, state and local income taxes.

Market Conditions and Outlook
The key macroeconomic factors that impact our business are home prices, interest rates and employment. Home price performance is important to our non-Agency portfolio. We are continuing to see signs of stabilization and improvements in housing prices. Forecasts call for a continuation of home price appreciation in the next several years, albeit at a slower pace than in the recent past. Despite the improvement in housing prices, many borrowers’ loan-to-values remain high and have the effect of limiting a borrower’s ability to refinance despite low rates and government policy programs that promote refinancing. The low interest rate environment is expected to persist, absent a substantial improvement in economic conditions and employment, influencing funding costs and prepayment speeds. A low Federal Funds Target Rate is expected to benefit funding costs for the next few years. Employment trends have begun to improve; however, current unemployment levels remain stubbornly high. Next to loan-to-value ratios, employment is the most powerful determinant of a homeowner’s ongoing likelihood to pay their mortgage.
The 2013 fiscal year continued to produce a number of regulatory and policy actions in an effort to improve economic conditions and increase liquidity in the financial markets as well as other actions related to the fall-out from the financial and foreclosure crises. While not intended to be comprehensive, listed below are a few of the more notable regulatory and policy events that could impact execution of our investment strategy:
The Federal Reserve continued actions to lower long-term interest rates. During 2012, the Federal Reserve launched QE3, a policy that involves large-scale purchases of Agency RMBS by the Federal Reserve. The intent of QE3 is to continue downward pressure on longer-term interest rates, support mortgage markets, and help to make broader financial conditions more accommodative. In June 2013, based on the strength of economic data in the second quarter, the Federal Reserve suggested a potential tapering of RMBS purchases which impacted the market. However, the Federal Reserve later announced that monthly purchases of RMBS would remain at $85 billion for the near future, which brought interest rates down toward the end of the third quarter, yet still materially above the lows seen in the early part of 2013. In December 2013, the Federal Reserve announced plans to modestly reduce the pace of its asset purchases, first by lowering monthly purchases in January 2014 to $75 billion, which was later reduced to $65 billion and only slightly impacted the market. The Federal Reserve has indicated that it will likely keep short-term interest rates at “exceptionally low levels” well past the time unemployment falls below 6.5 percent, especially if inflation stays below its 2 percent target as expected.
In January 2014, Mel Watt was sworn in as Director of the FHFA and in February 2014, Janet Yellen was sworn in as Federal Reserve Chair. It is generally perceived that Ms. Yellen will follow retiring Chairman Ben Bernanke’s policies closely at least during the initial stages of her tenure. Conversely, Mr. Watt has announced that he intends to delay the implementation of the higher guarantee fees until further review of the policy can be completed, and it has been widely speculated that he may overhaul HARP.
In April 2013, the FHFA’s HARP 2.0 program was extended through December 31, 2015 in an effort to attract more eligible borrowers who can benefit from refinancing their home mortgage. Key provisions of the program include eliminating certain risk-based fees for borrowers, removing the 125 percent loan-to-value ceiling, waiving certain representations and warranties, and eliminating the need for new property appraisals where there is a reliable automated valuation model. The program’s objective to provide an opportunity for responsible homeowners to refinance and encourage borrowers to continue paying on their loans will impact the prepayment speed on certain RMBS. We believe that our portfolio prepayment protection characteristics will be largely isolated from this program.
Senators Boxer and Menendez reintroduced their refinance legislation, the Responsible Homeowner Refinancing Act, or HARP 3.0, in 2013. The bill seeks to expand eligibility under HARP by removing barriers to competition, guaranteeing equal access to streamlined refinancing for all GSE borrowers, eliminating up-front fees on refinances and appraisal costs for all borrowers, and further streamlining the application process.

49

Table of Contents



Government programs to provide homeowners with assistance in avoiding residential mortgage loan foreclosures continue to be in effect, including HAMP and other programs. These homeowner assistance programs may involve the modification of mortgage loans to reduce the principal amount of the loans (through forbearance and/or forgiveness) or the rate of interest payable on the loans, or may extend the payment terms of the loans. They may also allow for streamlined financing, thus increasing prepayments, or for a delay in foreclosures, thus potentially altering the timing and amount of cash flows to certain securities. In general, these homeowner assistance programs, as well as future legislative or regulatory actions, may affect the value of, and the returns on, our RMBS portfolio. To the extent that these programs are successful and fewer borrowers default on their mortgage obligations, the actual default rates realized on our non-Agency RMBS may be less than the default assumptions made by us at the purchase of such non-Agency RMBS. This could cause the realized yields on our non-Agency RMBS portfolio to be higher than expected at time of purchase. Conversely, if these programs lead to forced reductions in principal, certain RMBS could be affected and decrease in value.
We expect that the U.S. government will continue to introduce new programs in 2014 in an effort to stabilize economic conditions and increase liquidity in the financial markets. The U.S. economy continues to be burdened by the European debt crisis, elevated unemployment numbers and a struggling housing market, which, despite signs of an approaching recovery, remains weighted with backlogs of homes in the foreclosure process. Meanwhile, mortgage servicers continue to evaluate the impacts of the recent settlement with several state Attorneys General and state and federal regulators over improper servicing and foreclosure practices and the adoption by several states of various legislation aimed at curtailing or modifying foreclosure processes. Events such as these will continue to affect the performance of our portfolio. We will continue to monitor these and other regulatory and policy activities closely.
The following table provides the weighted average CPR on our Agency RMBS throughout 2013:
 
 
Three Months Ended
Agency RMBS
 
December 31,
2013
 
September 30,
2013
 
June 30,
2013
 
March 31,
2013
Weighted Average CPR
 
7.9
%
 
8.7
%
 
8.7
%
 
7.0
%

We believe our blended Agency and non-Agency strategies and our investing expertise will allow us to better navigate the dynamic RMBS environment while future regulatory and policy activities take shape. Having a diversified portfolio allows us to mitigate a variety of risks, including interest rate and RMBS spread volatility. As such, we have diversified into several target assets that capitalize on our prepayment and credit expertise, including MSR, prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans and CSL.
We expect that the majority of our assets will remain in whole-pool Agency RMBS in light of the long-term attractiveness of the asset class and in order to continue to satisfy the requirements of our exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. Interest-only Agency securities and MSR also provide a complementary investment and risk-management strategy to our principal and interest Agency RMBS investments. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2013, we increased our position in hybrid adjustable rate mortgages, or ARMs, due to their attractive risk-adjusted returns and availability in the market. Risk-adjusted returns in our Agency RMBS portfolio may decline if we are required to pay higher purchase premiums due to lower interest rates or additional liquidity in the market. Additionally, the Federal Reserve’s continuing purchases of RMBS and other policy changes may impact the returns of our Agency RMBS portfolio.

50

Table of Contents



The following table provides the carrying value of our RMBS portfolio by product type:
(dollars in thousands)
December 31,
2013
 
December 31,
2012
Agency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed Rate
$
8,490,788

 
68.0
%
 
$
10,823,674

 
77.5
%
Hybrid ARMs
1,006,621

 
8.1
%
 
188,429

 
1.3
%
Total Agency
9,497,409

 
76.1
%
 
11,012,103

 
78.8
%
Agency Derivatives
218,509

 
1.8
%
 
301,264

 
2.2
%
Non-Agency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior
2,282,132

 
18.3
%
 
2,132,272

 
15.3
%
Mezzanine
468,667

 
3.8
%
 
518,466

 
3.7
%
Interest-only securities
8,519

 
%
 
4,113

 
%
Total Non-Agency
2,759,318

 
22.1
%
 
2,654,851

 
19.0
%
Total
$
12,475,236

 
 
 
$
13,968,218

 
 

Prepayment speeds and volatility due to interest rates
Our Agency RMBS portfolio is subject to inherent prepayment risk because, generally, a decline in interest rates that leads to rising prepayment speeds will cause the market value of our interest-only securities and MSR to deteriorate, but will cause the market value of our fixed coupon Agency pools to increase. The inverse relationship occurs when interest rates increase and prepayments slow. Housing prices have increased over the past few years, but are still generally much lower than at the peak of the housing market. This fact, combined with elevated unemployment rates and housing inventory, leads us to expect that there will not be a significant increase in prepayment speeds in 2014. However, given the overall low level of interest rates and the extension of HARP 2.0 to the end of 2015, prepayment speeds, particularly due to refinancings, may increase on many RMBS. These government actions, combined with other potential government programs, could also lead to a further increase in prepayment speeds in RMBS, which could lead to less attractive reinvestment opportunities. Nonetheless, we believe our portfolio management approach, including our security selection process, positions us to ideally respond to a variety of market scenarios, including an overall faster prepayment environment.
Although we are unable to predict the movement in interest rates in 2014 and beyond, our diversified portfolio management strategy is intended to generate attractive yields with a low level of sensitivity to changes in the yield curve, prepayments and interest rates.
Our portfolio includes Agency securities, which includes bonds with explicit prepayment protection, $85,000 maximum loan balance pools (securities collateralized by loans of less than $85,000 in principal), other low loan balances (securities collateralized by loans of less than $175,000, but more than $85,000 in principal), high loan-to-value (or LTV) ratios (securities collateralized by loans with greater or equal to 80% LTV predominantly comprised of Making Homeownership Affordable (or MHA) pools that consist of borrowers who have refinanced through HARP), home equity conversion mortgages (securities collateralized by reverse mortgages), low FICO scores (lower credit borrowers), and seasoned bonds reflecting less prepayment risk due to previously experienced high levels of refinancing. We believe these RMBS characteristics reduce the prepayment risk to the portfolio.

51

Table of Contents



The following tables provide the carrying value of our Agency RMBS portfolio by vintage and prepayment protection:
 
As of December 31, 2013
 
Agency RMBS AFS
 
Agency Derivatives
 
Total Agency RMBS
(dollars in thousands)
Fixed Rate
 
Hybrid ARMs
 
 
Other low loan balances
$
505,565

 
$

 
$

 
$
505,565

 
5
%
High LTV (predominantly MHA)
2,319,464

 

 

 
2,319,464

 
24
%
Home equity conversion mortgages
1,792,937

 

 

 
1,792,937

 
19
%
$85K Max Pools
1,313,097

 

 

 
1,313,097

 
14
%
Low FICO
679,336

 

 

 
679,336

 
7
%
Seasoned (2005 and prior vintages)
270,549

 
110,324

 
148,221

 
529,094

 
5
%
Pre-pay lock-out or penalty-based
495,796

 
6,551

 

 
502,347

 
5
%
2006 and subsequent vintages
872,334

 
519,047

 

 
1,391,381

 
14
%
2006 and subsequent vintages - discount
241,710

 
370,699

 
70,288

 
682,697

 
7
%
Total
$
8,490,788

 
$
1,006,621

 
$
218,509

 
$
9,715,918

 
100
%
 
As of December 31, 2012
 
Agency RMBS AFS
 
Agency Derivatives
 
Total Agency RMBS
(dollars in thousands)
Fixed Rate
 
Hybrid ARMs
 
 
Other low loan balances
$
1,720,319

 
$

 
$

 
$
1,720,319

 
16
%
High LTV (predominantly MHA)
2,904,683

 

 

 
2,904,683

 
27
%
Home equity conversion mortgages
1,906,957

 

 

 
1,906,957

 
17
%
$85K Max Pools
2,262,443

 

 

 
2,262,443

 
20
%
Low FICO
781,855

 

 

 
781,855

 
7
%
Seasoned (2005 and prior vintages)
345,412

 
129,940

 
207,869

 
683,221

 
5
%
Pre-pay lock-out or penalty-based
541,495

 
13,502

 

 
554,997

 
4
%
2006 and subsequent vintages
200,390

 
44,987

 

 
245,377

 
2
%
2006 and subsequent vintages - discount
160,120

 

 
93,395

 
253,515

 
2
%
Total
$
10,823,674

 
$
188,429

 
$
301,264

 
$
11,313,367

 
100
%

We offset a portion of the Agency exposure to prepayment speeds through our non-Agency portfolio. Our non-Agency RMBS yields are expected to increase if prepayment rates on such assets exceed our prepayment assumptions. To the extent that prepayment speeds increase due to macroeconomic factors, we expect to benefit from the ability to recognize the income from the heavily discounted RMBS prices that principally arose from credit or payment default expectations.
The following tables provide discount information on our non-Agency RMBS portfolio:
 
As of December 31, 2013
(in thousands)
Principal and Interest Securities
 
Interest-Only Securities
 
Total
 
Senior
 
Mezzanine
 
 
Face Value
$
3,496,359

 
$
644,636

 
$
333,358

 
$
4,474,353

Unamortized discount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Designated credit reserve
(1,124,838
)
 
(109,611
)
 

 
(1,234,449
)
Unamortized net discount
(594,726
)
 
(151,187
)
 
(325,646
)
 
(1,071,559
)
Amortized Cost
$
1,776,795

 
$
383,838

 
$
7,712

 
$
2,168,345


52

Table of Contents



 
As of December 31, 2012
(in thousands)
Principal and Interest Securities
 
Interest-Only Securities
 
Total
 
Senior
 
Mezzanine
 
 
Face Value
$
3,685,422

 
$
753,084

 
$
65,493

 
$
4,503,999

Unamortized discount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Designated credit reserve
(1,179,811
)
 
(111,135
)
 

 
(1,290,946
)
Unamortized net discount
(718,101
)
 
(216,459
)
 
(61,930
)
 
(996,490
)
Amortized Cost
$
1,787,510

 
$
425,490

 
$
3,563

 
$
2,216,563


Credit losses
Although our Agency portfolio is supported by U.S. Government Agency and federally chartered corporation guarantees of payment of principal and interest, we are exposed to credit risk in our non-Agency RMBS portfolio and mortgage loans. However, the credit support built into non-Agency RMBS deal structures is designed to provide a level of protection from potential credit losses for more senior tranches. In addition, the discounted purchase prices paid on our non-Agency RMBS and CSL provide additional insulation from credit losses in the event we receive less than 100% of par on such assets. We evaluate credit risk on our non-Agency investments and CSL through a comprehensive asset selection process, which is predominantly focused on quantifying and pricing credit risk, including extensive initial modeling and scenario analysis. We review on an ongoing basis our non-Agency RMBS and CSL based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the risk-adjusted returns on such investments and through ongoing asset surveillance. Specific to our non-Agency RMBS, at purchase, we estimate the portion of the discount we do not expect to recover and factor that into our expected yield and accretion methodology. We may also record an other-than-temporary impairment, or OTTI, for a portion of our investment in a security to the extent we believe that the amortized cost exceeds the present value of expected future cash flows. Nevertheless, unanticipated credit losses could occur, adversely impacting our operating results.
Counterparty exposure and leverage ratio
We monitor counterparty exposure in our broker, banking and lending counterparties on a daily basis. We believe our broker and banking counterparties are well capitalized organizations and we attempt to manage our cash balances across these organizations to reduce our exposure to a single counterparty.
As of December 31, 2013, we had entered into repurchase agreements with 25 counterparties, 20 of which had outstanding balances at December 31, 2013. In addition, we have entered into two facilities that provide short-term financing for our mortgage loan collateral during our aggregation period, both of which had outstanding balances at December 31, 2013. As of December 31, 2013, we had a total consolidated debt to equity ratio of 3.3 times. As of December 31, 2013, we had $1.0 billion in cash and cash equivalents, approximately $66.1 million of unpledged Agency securities and derivatives and $52.4 million of unpledged non-Agency securities and an overall estimated unused borrowing capacity on our unpledged RMBS of approximately $92.7 million. We also had approximately $6.3 million of unpledged prime nonconforming residential mortgage loans and $337.5 million of unpledged CSL and an overall estimated unused borrowing capacity on unpledged mortgage loans held-for-sale of approximately $191.3 million. If borrowing rates and collateral requirements change in the near term, we believe we are subject to less earnings volatility than if we carried higher leverage. Additionally, in January 2014 the Basel Committee announced it would loosen its leverage ratio definition for banks, which we believe may dispel any concern of increased volatility in the securities financing market in the near term. We will continue to monitor these and other regulatory and policy activities closely.
We also monitor exposure to our securitization and MSR counterparties. In connection with these transactions, we are required to make certain representations and warranties to the purchasers of the loans underlying the assets we own. If the representations and warranties that we are required to make to the purchasers of the underlying loans in these transactions are inaccurate, we may be obligated to repurchase certain mortgage loans, which may impact the profitability of these investments. Although we obtain representations and warranties from the counterparty from whom we acquired the relevant asset, if those representations and warranties do not directly mirror those we make to the purchaser of the underlying loans, or if we are unable to enforce the representations and warranties against the party for a variety of reasons, including the financial condition or insolvency of the counterparty, we may not be able to seek indemnification from our counterparties for any losses attributable to the breach.


53

Table of Contents



Summary of Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Our reported GAAP net income attributable to common stockholders was $239.4 million ($0.66 per diluted weighted share) for the three months ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $189.3 million ($0.63 per diluted weighted share) for the three months ended December 31, 2012. Our reported GAAP net income attributable to common stockholders was $579.0 million ($1.65 per diluted weighted share) for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $291.9 million ($1.20 per diluted weighted share) for the year ended December 31, 2012.
With our accounting treatment for AFS securities, unrealized fluctuations in the market values of securities do not impact our GAAP or taxable income but are recognized on our balance sheet as a change in stockholder’s equity under “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).” As a result of this fair value accounting through stockholder’s equity, we expect our net income to have less significant fluctuations and result in less GAAP to taxable income timing differences, than if the portfolio were accounted as trading instruments. For the three months ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities recognized as other comprehensive loss were $68.0 million and $3.9 million, respectively, which resulted in comprehensive income of $171.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $185.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2012. For the year ended December 31, 2013, net unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities recognized as other comprehensive loss were $251.7 million and for the year ended December 31, 2012, net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities recognized as other comprehensive income were $755.2 million, which resulted in comprehensive income of $327.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 as compared to $1.0 billion for the year ended December 31, 2012.
On December 17, 2013, we declared a cash dividend of $0.26 per diluted share. For the year ended December 31, 2013, we declared total dividends of $2.18 per share, including cash dividends of $1.17 per share and the Silver Bay common stock distribution amounting to $1.01 per share, as measured in accordance with GAAP. Our GAAP book value per diluted common share was $10.56 at December 31, 2013, a decrease from $11.54 book value per diluted common share at December 31, 2012.

54

Table of Contents



The following tables present the components of our comprehensive income for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, and the twelve months ended December 31, 2011:
(in thousands)
Three Months Ended
 
Year Ended
 
December 31,
 
De